PIER | PIER Journals

2009-07-30

PIER

Vol. 94, 419-433, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09062001

download: 309

Lower Frequency Limit of Carbon Nanotube Antenna

Ahmed Attiya

Carbon nanotubes are characterized by slow wave propagation and high characteristic impedance due to the additional kinetic inductive effect. This slow wave property can be used to introduce resonant dipole antennas with dimensions much smaller than traditional half-wavelength dipole in Terahertz band. However, this property has less effect at lower frequency bands. This paper introduces the physical interpretation of this property based on the relation between the resonance frequency and the surface wave propagation constant on a carbon nanotube. This surface wave propagation is found to be characterized by high attenuation coefficient at low frequency bands which limits using carbon nanotube as an antenna structure at these frequencies.

LOWER FREQUENCY LIMIT OF CARBON NANOTUBE ANTENNA

2009-07-29

PIER

Vol. 94, 403-418, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061504

download: 220

A New Method for Evaluation of Thickness and Monitoring Its Variation of Medium- and Low-Loss Materials

Ugur Cem Hasar

In this research paper, we propose an amplitude-only method for unique thickness evaluation of medium- and low-loss materials. The method is based on using amplitude-only measurements at different frequencies to evaluate the unique thickness. Main advantages of the method are a) it eliminates the necessity of repetitive measurements of different-length materials to evaluate the unknown thickness of the same type material and b) it determines the thickness at any desired frequency in the band. Because the method uses amplitude-only measurements and enables the thickness evaluation at any frequency, it can be a good candidate for thickness evaluation of materials in industrial-based applications.

A NEW METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF THICKNESS AND MONITORING ITS VARIATION OF MEDIUM- AND LOW-LOSS MATERIALS

2009-07-29

PIER

Vol. 94, 383-402, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09060906

download: 235

Application of Two-Step Spectral Preconditioning Technique for Electromagnetic Scattering in a Half Space

Da-Zhi Ding , Ru-Shan Chen and Zhenhong Fan

To efficiently solve large dense complex linear system arising from electric field integral equations (EFIE) formulation of half-space electromagnetic scattering problems, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is used to accelerate the matrix-vector product operations. The two-step spectral preconditioning is developed for the generalized minimal residual iterative method (GMRES). The two-step spectral preconditioner is constructed by combining the spectral preconditioner and sparse approximate inverse (SAI) preconditioner to speed up the convergence rate of iterative methods. Numerical experiments for scattering from conducting objects above or embeded in a lossy half-space are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

APPLICATION OF TWO-STEP SPECTRAL PRECONDITIONING TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING IN A HALF SPACE

2009-07-28

PIER

Vol. 94, 367-382, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09063002

download: 311

Accurate and Efficient Evaluation of MoM Matrix Based on a Generalized Analytical Approach

Kye See , Eng Kee Chua and Zhihong Liu

Based on an analytical expression for the integration of the free-space Green's function involving any combination of basis and test functions, an accurate and highly efficient method to determine the Method of Moments matrix has been developed. A full analytical expression is obtained through direct integration of the Taylor's series expansion of the free-space Green's function. Based on the distance between the source and observation points, a criterion is established to reduce the full expression to a much-simplified expression, which speeds up the computational efficiency to fill up the Method of Moments matrix without compromising the solution accuracy.

ACCURATE AND EFFICIENT EVALUATION OF MOM MATRIX BASED ON A GENERALIZED ANALYTICAL APPROACH

2009-07-26

PIER

Vol. 94, 351-366, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09032703

download: 247

Focal Region Field of a Paraboloidal Reflector Coated with Isotropic Chiral Medium

Tariq Rahim , Muhammad Junaid Mughal , Qaisar Naqvi and Muhammad Faryad

Maslov's method is used to derive the expressions for high frequency fields around the focal region of a paraboloidal reflector coated with isotropic and homogeneous chiral medium. The field expressions thus calculated are solved numerically, and the results are presented in the paper. Moreover, the dependency of the electric field on the thickness of the coated chiral medium and its properties is also studied. The results of this study are presented in the paper, and the conclusions are drawn accordingly.

FOCAL REGION FIELD OF A PARABOLOIDAL REFLECTOR COATED WITH ISOTROPIC CHIRAL MEDIUM

2009-07-25

PIER

Vol. 94, 343-349, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09062306

download: 386

A Novel Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Wide Slot Antenna with via Holes

Dong Chen and Chong-Hu Cheng

A novel compact ultra-wideband (UWB) wide slot antenna with via holes is presented for UWB applications. The antenna is composed of a trapezoidal slot on the ground plane, a rectangular patch in the center of the slot and three via holes connecting the rectangular patch and the microstrip feed-line. The antenna is successfully designed, implemented, and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antenna with compact size of 27.0 mm×29.0 mm×1.0 mm achieves good performance, such as an impedance matching bandwidth of 111.7% (|S₁₁|≤-10 dB), constant gain and stable radiation patterns over its whole frequency range.

2009-07-25

PIER

Vol. 94, 327-341, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061205

download: 237

Magnetic Field in MRI Yokeless Devices: Analytical Approach

Romain Ravaud and Guy Lemarquand

This paper presents a three-dimensional analytical expressions for studying the static magnetic field produced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging structures. This medical imaging technique uses a very high and uniform magnetic field produced by ring permanent magnets with rotating polarizations. However, the manufacturing of such ring permanent magnets is difficult to realize. Consequently, such ring permanent magnets are replaced by assemblies of tile permanent magnets uniformly magnetized. Unfortunately, the magnetic field produced by these tile permanent magnets uniformly magnetized is both less important and less uniform than the one produced by an idealized ring permanent magnet. We propose in this paper to study the influence of the number of tile permanent magnets used on the magnetic field properties.

MAGNETIC FIELD IN MRI YOKELESS DEVICES: ANALYTICAL APPROACH

2009-07-25

PIER

Vol. 94, 311-325, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061008

download: 294

Water-to-Cement Ratio Prediction Using Anns from Non-Destructive and Contactless Microwave Measurements

Ugur Cem Hasar , Gokay Akkaya , Mehmet Aktan , Cuneyt Gozu and Abdulkadir Cuneyt Aydin

In concrete industry, there is a need for water-to-cement ratio (w/c) estimation of cement-based materials since the w/c ratio of cement mixtures is typically given at the batch plant, and this ratio, sometimes, is deliberately changed to have a more workable cement mixture. To meet the requirements of accurate w/c ratio determination of cement-based materials, in this research paper, we propose an artificial neural network approach for w/c ratio estimation of these materials using free-space non-contact reflection and transmission measurements of mortar specimens with w/c ratios of 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55 and 0.60. We have tested the network and observed less than 5 percent difference between the estimated and known values of w/c = 0.50.

WATER-TO-CEMENT RATIO PREDICTION USING ANNS FROM NON-DESTRUCTIVE AND CONTACTLESS MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS

2009-07-25

PIER

Vol. 94, 297-309, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09060501

download: 436

A Millimeter-Wave Ultra-Wideband Four-Way Switch Filter Module Based on Novel Three-Line Microstrip Structure Band-Pass Filters

Zhigang Wang , Qiuliang Lai , Rui-Min Xu , Bo Yan , Weigan Lin and Yunnchuan Guo

This paper presents a millimeter-wave ultra-wideband four-way switch filter module integrating six building blocks including four band-pass filters and two switches. The switch filter module works at whole Ka-band (26-40 GHz) and consists of four wideband band-pass filters and two monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) single pole four throw (SP4T) switches. The four wideband band-pass filters are realized by a novel three-line microstrip structure band-pass filter. Compared with the traditional three-line filter, the proposed three-line filter not only retains virtues of traditional three-line filter, but also resolves drawbacks of it which include discontinuities between adjacent sections, many parameters of design, and no effective matching circuits at input/output ports. The proposed three-line filter is validated by electromagnetic simulation. The developed switch filter module is fabricated using hybrid integrated technology, which has a size of 64 mm×44 mm×7.5 mm. The fabricated switch filter module exhibits good performances: for four different states, the measured insertion loss and return loss are all better than 8.5 dB and 10 dB in each pass-band, respectively.

A MILLIMETER-WAVE ULTRA-WIDEBAND FOUR-WAY SWITCH FILTER MODULE BASED ON NOVEL THREE-LINE MICROSTRIP STRUCTURE BAND-PASS FILTERS

2009-07-22

PIER

Vol. 94, 281-296, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09062702

download: 235

Reduction of Peak SAR in Human Head for Handset Applications with Resistive Sheets (R-Cards)

H.-H. Chou , Heng-Tung Hsu , Hsi-Tseng Chou , Kun-Han Liu and Fang-Yao Kuo

In this paper, reduction of peak specific absorption rate (SAR) for handsets with monopole type antenna through R-cards is investigated. While the numerical analysis was performed using finite integration in time domain (FIT), real measurement has been made to validate the simulation results. Both the simulation and measurement results revealed that a minimum SAR Reduction Factor (SRF) of 60% was achieved. The good agreement between the simulation and measurement results has evidenced the effectiveness of the proposed approach for SAR reduction in human head for handset applications.

REDUCTION OF PEAK SAR IN HUMAN HEAD FOR HANDSET APPLICATIONS WITH RESISTIVE SHEETS (R-CARDS)

2009-07-21

PIER

Vol. 94, 263-280, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061004

download: 349

Simulated and Experimental Investigation of Microwave Imaging Using UWB

Antonio Lazaro , David Girbau and Ramon Villarino

Microwave breast tumour detection is a non-invasive technique that uses non ionizing radiation. Microwave imaging has the potential to achieve early detection of breast cancer due to the high specificity and the large difference in electrical properties of the malignant tissue when compared to normal breast tissue. This paper studies the feasibility of using UWB signals for breast imaging. Simulated results using Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method will be presented. A sensibility study of the variations in the breast relative dielectric permittivity and of the variations of the skin-surface contour is also provided. A working prototype for microwave imaging is developed using a conventional Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) with the time processing capability.

SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MICROWAVE IMAGING USING UWB

2009-07-18

PIER

Vol. 94, 243-262, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09051703

download: 255

A Novel Source Localization Scheme Based on Unitary ESPRIT and City Electronic Maps in Urban Environments

Hong Bing Song , Hao-Gang Wang , Kan Hong and Li Wang

In this paper, a novel source localization scheme is proposed based on the unitary ESPRIT algorithm with back ray tracing technique and the city electronic maps. Our scheme can be summarized into two steps. First, the unitary ESPRIT algorithm is employed to estimate the angles and delays of the arrival rays radiated from the source. Second, based on the obtained information we devise a back ray tracing technique to recover the signal propagation paths according to the Geometrical Theory of Reflections and the city electronic map. After these two steps the source position can be obtained by averaging all the estimated positions. In order to minimize estimated errors caused by the Unitary ESPRIT, a valid-range selection criterion for the judgment of the validity of the estimated position data is proposed. On the other hand, we introduce a path length weighting factor to reduce the estimated errors caused by the terrain data inaccuracy. This position method can locate both the line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) sources efficiently and it also can locate multi-sources simultaneously. Six simulations are carried out in three terrain scenarios. The numerical results demonstrate that our model can be applied to estimate the positions for both 2D and 3D cases. The accuracy of our model for a cell of 80 m × 45 m can reach 10 m when SNR is greater than 10 dB.

A NOVEL SOURCE LOCALIZATION SCHEME BASED ON UNITARY ESPRIT AND CITY ELECTRONIC MAPS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

2009-07-17

PIER

Vol. 94, 213-242, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09060808

download: 319

Microwave Tomography Employing an Adjoint Network Based Sensitivity Matrix

Dimitrios G. Drogoudis , George Kyriacou and John Sahalos

A reconstruction algorithm for two- and three- dimen-sional microwave imaging is proposed. The present effort is focused on the reconstruction of conductivity (σ) and permittivity (ε_r) distri-butions aiming at a technique serving medical imaging, while perme-ability imaging can be easily incorporated to serve geophysical geophysical prospecting as well. This work constitutes the most recent one within the effort of extending our Modified Perturbation Method (MPM) from static to high and now microwave frequencies. MPM is an approximate method based on an exact Sensitivity or Jacobian matrix for an iterative update of an initial (σ, ε_r) guess until convergence. This method is proved almost immune of the problem inherent ill-posedness, but its robustness is actually gained by paying a penalty of compromised accuracy in the final achieved image. However, this image can be fine tuned by formulating and solving an exact inverse problem. Regarding the involved Jacobian matrix, this is evaluated through closed form expressions obtained through an Adjoint Network Theorem in conjuction with the electromagnetics reciprocity theorem. The field distributions required for its evaluation are readily available from the always required forward problem solutions on the assumed (σ, ε_r) distributions. Herein, the finite element method along with absorbing boundary conditions are employed for the forward problem electromagnetic simulation.

MICROWAVE TOMOGRAPHY EMPLOYING AN ADJOINT NETWORK BASED SENSITIVITY MATRIX

2009-07-16

PIER

Vol. 94, 197-212, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061708

download: 289

Efficient Approach for Sensitivity Analysis of Lossy and Leaky Structures Using FDTD

Mohamed A. Swillam , Ramy H. Gohary , Mohamed H. Bakr and Xun Li

An efficient approach is utilized for extracting the modal parameters of high frequency structures and their sensitivities with respect to all the design parameters. Using one FDTD simulation, the modal parameters of all the guided and leaky modes are extracted over the frequency band of interest. An adapted version of the matrix pencil method is utilized for efficient extraction of the modal parameters. In addition, using no extra simulations, the sensitivities of the propagation constants with respect to all the design parameters of the structure are extracted regardless of their number. The computational time is a small fraction of the cost of similar approaches.

EFFICIENT APPROACH FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF LOSSY AND LEAKY STRUCTURES USING FDTD

2009-07-15

PIER

Vol. 94, 175-195, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061606

download: 275

Layer-Mode Transparent Boundary Condition for the Hybrid FD-FD Method

Hung-Wen Chang , Wei-Chi Cheng and Shih-Min Lu

We combine the analytic eigen mode expansion method with the finite-difference, frequency-domain (FD-FD) method to study two-dimensional (2-D) optical waveguide devices for both TE and TM polarizations. For this we develop a layer-mode based transparent boundary condition (LM-TBC) to assist launching of an arbitrary incident wave field and to direct the reflected and the transmitted scattered wave fields back and forward to the analytical regions. LM-TBC is capable of transmitting all modes including guiding modes, cladding modes and even evanescent waves leaving the FD domain. Both TE and TM results are compared and verified with exact free space Green's function and a semi-analytical solution.

LAYER-MODE TRANSPARENT BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR THE HYBRID FD-FD METHOD

2009-07-15

PIER

Vol. 94, 153-173, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09062203

download: 230

The Origin of Electromagnetic Resonances in Three-Dimensional Photonic Fractals

Ushio Sangawa

After a report on strange electromagnetic resonances emerging in an isotropic paraelectric Menger sponge (MS) now known as a photonic fractal, vigorous studies began to reveal their properties. However, the mechanics of how the resonances occur is still unknown. This report focuses on the findings that the resonances can be perturbation-theoretically identified as those originally occurring in an isolated dielectric cube, and that they arise within band gaps and uncouple with Bloch modes for a certain multiperiodic lattice. This interpretation is justified by the fact that the MS can be considered as a cube embedded in the lattice rather than the outcome of conventional recursive fractal structuring operations. An experimental formula for resonance conditions already reported can be derived from this interpretation.

THE ORIGIN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC FRACTALS

2009-07-15

PIER

Vol. 94, 133-152, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09061006

download: 285

A Reverberation Chamber to Investigate the Possible Effects of "in Vivo" Exposure of Rats to 1.8 GHz Electromagnetic Fields: a Preliminary Study

Pier Francesco Biagi , L. Castellana , Tommaso Maggipinto , G. Maggipinto , Teresa Ligonzo , Luigi Schiavulli , Domenico Loiacono , Anita Ermini , Maria Lasalvia , Giuseppe Perna and Vito Capozzi

A system generating 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields for bio-medical and behavioral study on laboratory animals was designed and implemented. The system is based on a reverberation chamber. An input power up to 5 W can be sent to an indoor transmitting antenna and an electric field strength (E) more than 90 V/m can be reached inside the chamber. The system was characterized at different input powers measuring E in different points by means of a miniature sensor. Then, boxes with 300 cc of physiological liquid inside were realized as simple phantoms simulating laboratory animals (rats) and E inside the liquid was measured, performing several simulations by moving the phantoms (1,2) in the chamber and/or putting them still in different positions. On the basis of these measurements, the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and the Pe (power efficiency = SAR/input power) were determined at different powers. The actual system is characterized by a low power efficiency with respect to the "in vivo" exposition systems based on transversal electromagnetic (TEM) cells. Its advantage is to have inside the chamber a habitat similar to the usual one for the laboratory animals.

A REVERBERATION CHAMBER TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF

2009-07-14

PIER

Vol. 94, 119-132, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09060902

download: 327

Low RCS Dipole Array Synthesis Based on MoM -PSO Hybrid Algorithm

Wen-Tao Wang , Shu-Xi Gong , Yu-Jie Zhang , Feng-Tao Zha , Jin Ling and Tingting Wan

In this paper, a hybrid algorithm combined method of moments (MoM) with particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to realize low radar cross section (RCS) array synthesis. Both the scattering factor and the radiation factor are involved in the proposed objective function to achieve the promising dipole array with a reduced RCS and satisfied radiation performance. To improve the optimization efficiency, radiation constraint conditions are adopted to avoid unnecessary scattering calculation. The symmetric matrix and block treatment are also used to fill the MoM impedance matrix. The optimization results show that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve RCS reduction of 5.5 dB for dipole array.

LOW RCS DIPOLE ARRAY SYNTHESIS BASED ON MOM-PSO HYBRID ALGORITHM

2009-07-13

PIER

Vol. 94, 105-117, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09060705

download: 240

Investigations of the Electromagnetic Properties of Three-Dimensional Arbitrarily-Shaped Cloaks

Qiang Cheng , Wei Xiang Jiang and Tie-Jun Cui

We investigate the electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional (3D) arbitrarily-shaped invisible cloaks based on the analytical field transformation theory instead of the complicated numerical simulations. Very simple closed-form expressions for fields and energy flows have been derived for arbitrarily-shaped 3D cloak, which could help us to investigate the electromagnetic properties of the 3D cloaks rapidly and efficiently. The difference between 2D and 3D cloaks have been compared in detail. Distributions of the fields, power flows and wave polarizations for the 3D case have been discussed inside the cloak. Numerical results have been presented at the cutplanes of cloaks to valid the theoretical analysis, which shows clearly how the incident waves are bent at the inner boundary. In order to further reveal the physical essence of the cloaks, both 3D spherical and ellipsoidal cloaks have been considered based on the analytical method. The common features and the differences for the two structures have been also illustrated in this paper.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARBITRARILY-SHAPED CLOAKS

2009-07-13

PIER

Vol. 94, 83-104, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09041905

download: 315

A New Classifier for Polarimetric SAR Images

Yudong Zhang , Lenan Wu and Geng Wei

This paper proposes a hybrid classifier for polarimetric SAR images. The feature sets consist of span image, the H/A/α decomposition, and the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based texture features. Then, the features are reduced by principle component analysis (PCA). A 3-layer neural network (NN) is constructed, trained by resilient back-propagation (RPROP) method to fasten the training and early stop (ES) method to prevent the overfitting. The results of San Francisco and Flevoland site compared to Wishart Maximum Likelihood and wavelet-based method demonstrate the validness of our method in terms of confusion matrix and overall accuracy. In addition, NNs with and without PCA are compared. Results show the NN with PCA is more accurate and faster.

A NEW CLASSIFIER FOR POLARIMETRIC SAR IMAGES

2009-07-10

PIER

Vol. 94, 69-81, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09050401

download: 330

Prediction of the Interference Level from a Low-Power Radio Device Provoking the Intermodulation Interference to the Amps Receiver

Che-Young Kim and Dang-Oh Kim

In this article, the harmful radiation level of electric field strength from the hostile low-power radio devices causing the intermodulation interference to the AMPS receiver has been predicted. The predicted level becomes the upper limit to avoid the intermodulation interference on the victim device. Our findings show that the quantified upper limit was 79.13[dBμV/m] to mitigate the adverse influence from these low-power radio devices. Our results are based on the calculation, simulation, and measurement for the commercial AMPS chip. Resulting values are in a good agreement within less than 3[dB].

PREDICTION OF THE INTERFERENCE LEVEL FROM A LOW-POWER RADIO DEVICE PROVOKING THE INTERMODULATION INTERFERENCE TO THE AMPS RECEIVER

2009-07-08

PIER

Vol. 94, 49-67, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09031305

download: 249

Parametric Study of Power Absorption Patterns Induced in Adult and Child Head Models by Small Helical Antennas

Maria Christopoulou , Stavros Koulouridis and Konstantina Nikita

ƒA comparative assessment of power absorption in adult and child heads exposed to a small helical antenna at 1710 MHz, is presented, emphasizing the effect of age related parameters. Finite Difference Time Domain simulations are employed to study the interaction between MRI-based head models and a mobile communication terminal equipped with a small helical monopole. A semi-analytical method, based on Green's function theory and the Method of Moments, is used to study the absorption in three-layer spherical head models exposed to a small helical dipole. SAR patterns in child head models derived by non-uniform scaling of adult ones were assessed against SAR patterns computed in child heads derived by uniform downscaling procedures. In both realistic and canonical exposure scenarios, comparable levels of absorbed power (maximum difference: 12%) in adult and child head models were observed. Dependence of SAR values upon separation distance and tissue dielectric properties was quantitatively assessed. In realistic exposure scenarios, the reduction in peak SAR values was 60-80% for a 1 cm increase in distance and up to 16% for a 110% to 90% decrease in dielectric properties values with reference to the nominal value of 100%. These trends were respectively less (55-65%) and more (up to 24%) emphasized in the corresponding canonical exposure scenarios.

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF POWER ABSORPTION PATTERNS INDUCED IN ADULT AND CHILD HEAD MODELS BY SMALL HELICAL ANTENNAS

2009-07-07

PIER

Vol. 94, 33-47, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09052801

download: 346

Negative Group Velocity in a Split Ring Resonator-Coupled Microstrip Line

Giuseppina Monti and Luciano Tarricone

The dispersive behaviour of an artificial Transmission Line is investigated demonstrating the existence of a negative group velocity region. More specifically, the propagation of amplitude modulated signals in a microstrip line coupled with Split Ring Resonators is analyzed, investigating the influence of the propagating pulse shape on the possibility to observe a negative group delay.

NEGATIVE GROUP VELOCITY IN A SPLIT RING RESONATOR-COUPLED MICROSTRIP LINE

2009-07-06

PIER

Vol. 94, 19-32, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09052003

download: 274

A Trust Region Subproblem for 3D Electrical Impedance Tomography Inverse Problem Using Experimental Data

Mehran Goharian , Manuchehr Soleimani and Gerald R. Moran

Image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem. Regularization methods are needed to solve this problem. The results of the ill-posed EIT problem strongly depends on noise level in measured data as well as regularization parameter. In this paper we present trust region subproblem (TRS), with the use of Lcurve maximum curvature criteria to find a regularization parameter. Currently Krylov subspace methods especially conjugate gradient least squares (CGLS) are used for large scale 3D problem. CGLS is an efficient technique when the norm of measured noise is exactly known. This paper demonstrates that CGLS and TRS converge to the same point on the L-curve with the same noise level. TRS can be implemented efficiently for large scale inverse EIT problem as CGLS with no need a priori knowledge of the noise level.

A TRUST REGION SUBPROBLEM FOR 3D ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY INVERSE PROBLEM USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA

2009-07-06

PIER

Vol. 94, 1-18, 2009

doi:10.2528/PIER09040802

download: 386

Design of a Reconfigurable Antenna for Ground Penetrating Radar Applications

Nicola Romano , Giancarlo Prisco and Francesco Soldovieri

This paper deals with the design and numerical analysis of a reconfigurable antenna implemented according to the total geometry morphing approach. The reconfigurable antenna is designed so to resemble a reference bowtie antenna, suitable for a stepped frequency Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) applications, with geometry variable in order to work in different operative conditions. In particular, the good agreement between the reference antenna and the reconfigurable one is tested within the work frequency band 0.3-1 GHz for both the free-space and half-space geometry. Finally, a trial of the reconfigurability of the proposed solution is shown for operative conditions with antenna in contact with different dielectric media.