Search search
submit Submit
Publication Date
to
Vol. 94
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
All Journals
PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters
2009-07-15
A Reverberation Chamber to Investigate the Possible Effects of "in Vivo" Exposure of Rats to 1.8 GHz Electromagnetic Fields: a Preliminary Study
By
Pier Francesco Biagi,

    Professor Pier Francesco Biagi

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

L. Castellana,

    Dr. L. Castellana

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

Tommaso Maggipinto,

    Dr. Tommaso Maggipinto

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

G. Maggipinto,

    Dr. G. Maggipinto

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

Teresa Ligonzo,

    Dr. Teresa Ligonzo

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

Luigi Schiavulli,

    Dr. Luigi Schiavulli

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

Domenico Loiacono,

    Dr. Domenico Loiacono

    Department of Physics

    University of Bari

    Italy

    Homepage

Anita Ermini,

    Dr. Anita Ermini

    Department of Mechanical Engineering

    University of Roma Tor Vergata

    Italy

    Homepage

Maria Lasalvia,

    Dr. Maria Lasalvia

    Department of Medical and Occupational Science

    University of Foggia

    Italy

    Homepage

Giuseppe Perna,

    Dr. Giuseppe Perna

    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

    University of Foggia

    Italy

    Homepage

Vito Capozzi

    Prof. Vito Capozzi

    Department of Biomedical Sciences

    University of Foggia

    Italy

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 133-152, 2009
doi:10.2528/PIER09061006
Abstract
A system generating 1.8 GHz electromagnetic fields for bio-medical and behavioral study on laboratory animals was designed and implemented. The system is based on a reverberation chamber. An input power up to 5 W can be sent to an indoor transmitting antenna and an electric field strength (E) more than 90 V/m can be reached inside the chamber. The system was characterized at different input powers measuring E in different points by means of a miniature sensor. Then, boxes with 300 cc of physiological liquid inside were realized as simple phantoms simulating laboratory animals (rats) and E inside the liquid was measured, performing several simulations by moving the phantoms (1,2) in the chamber and/or putting them still in different positions. On the basis of these measurements, the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and the Pe (power efficiency = SAR/input power) were determined at different powers. The actual system is characterized by a low power efficiency with respect to the "in vivo" exposition systems based on transversal electromagnetic (TEM) cells. Its advantage is to have inside the chamber a habitat similar to the usual one for the laboratory animals.
Citation
Pier Francesco Biagi, L. Castellana, Tommaso Maggipinto, G. Maggipinto, Teresa Ligonzo, Luigi Schiavulli, Domenico Loiacono, Anita Ermini, Maria Lasalvia, Giuseppe Perna, and Vito Capozzi, "A Reverberation Chamber to Investigate the Possible Effects of "in Vivo" Exposure of Rats to 1.8 GHz Electromagnetic Fields: a Preliminary Study," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 133-152, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09061006
References

1. Adey, W. R., et al. "Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats chronically exposed to 836MHz modulated microwaves," Radiat. Res., Vol. 152, 293-302, 1999.
doi:10.2307/3580329

2. Adey, W. R., et al. "Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats exposed to frequency-modulated microwave fields," Cancer Res., Vol. 60, 1857-1863, 2000.

3. Frei, M. R., et al. "Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation," Bioelectromag., Vol. 19, 20-31, 1998.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6

4. Gatta, L., R. Pinto, V. Ubaldi, L. Pace, P. Galloni, G. A. Lovisolo, C. Marino, and C. Pioli, "Effects of in vivo exposure to GSM-modulated 900MHz on mouse peripheral hymphocytes," Radiat. Res., Vol. 160, 600-605, 2003.
doi:10.1667/RR3078

5. Wu, B. I., F. C. A. I. Cox, and J. A. Kong, "Experimental methodology for non-thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation on biologics," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 4, 533-548, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307780616829

6. Lopez-Martin, E., J. C. Bregains, F. J. Jorge-Barreiro, J. L. Sebastián-Franco, E. Moreno-Piquero, and F. J. Ares-Pena, "An experimental set-up for measurement of the power absorbed from 900MHz GSM standing waves by small animals," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 87, 149-165, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08101307

7. Heikkinen, P., V. M. Kosma, T. Hongisto, H. Huuskonen, P. Hyysalo, H. Komulainen, T. Kumlin, J. T. Laitinen, S. Lang, L. Puranen, and J. Juutil, "Effects of mobile phone radiation on x-ray-induced tumorigenesis in mice," Radiat. Res., Vol. 156, 775-785, 2001.
doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0775:EOMPRO]2.0.CO;2

8. Heikkinen, P., V. M. Kosma, L. Alhonen, H. Huuskonen, H. Komulainen, T. Kumlin, J. T. Laitinen, S. Lang, L. Puranen, and J. Juutilainen, "Effects of mobile phone radiation on UV-induced skin tumourigenesis in ornithine decarboxylase transgenic and non-transgenic mice," Int. J. Radiat. Biol., Vol. 79, 221-233, 2003.
doi:10.1080/0955300031000096298

9. Imaida, K., M. Taki, T. Yamaguchi, T. Ito, S.Watanabe, K.Wake, A. Aimoto, Y. Kamimura, and T. Shirai, "Lack of promoting e®ects of the electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phones (929 MHz) on rat liver carcinogenesis in medium-term bioassay," Carcinogenesis, Vol. 19, 311-314, 1998.
doi:10.1093/carcin/19.2.311

10. Imaida, K., M. Taki, S. Watanabe, Y. Kamimura, T. Ito, and T. Shirai, "The 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phones does not promote rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium term liver bioassay," Japan J. Cancer Res., Vol. 89, 995-1002, 1998.

11. Malyapa, R. S., et al. "DNA damage in rat brain cells after in vivo exposure to 2450MHz electromagnetic radiation and various methods of euthanasia," Radiat. Res., Vol. 149, 637-645, 1998.
doi:10.2307/3579911

12. Toler, J. C., et al. "Long-term low-level exposure of mice prone tomammary tumors to 435MHz radiofrequency radiation," Radiat. Res., Vol. 148, 227-234, 1997.
doi:10.2307/3579606

13 . Verschaeve, L. and A. Maes, "Genetic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of radiofrequency fields," Mutation Research, Vol. 410, 141-165, 1998.

14. Corona, P., G. Ferrara, and M. Migliaccio, "Reverberating chambers as sources of stochastic electromagnetic fields," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 38, 3, 1996.

15. Hill, D. A, "Electromagnetic theory of reverberation chambers,", NIST Technical Note 1506, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328, USA, 1998.

16. Kouveliotis, N. K., P. T. Trakadas, and C. N. Capsalis, "FDTD modeling of a vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 39, 47-59, 2003.
doi:10.2528/PIER02050804

17. Crawford, L. and G. H. Koepke, "Design, evaluation and use of a reverberation chamber for performing electromagnetic susceptibility/vulnerability measurements," National Bureau of Standard (NBS), 1092, 1986.

18., IEEE C95.3-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields with Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz--300 GHz, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., New York, NY, 10016--5997, 2002.

19. Andreuccetti, D., M. G. Bini, A. Ignesti, R. Olmi, N. Rubino, and R. Vanni, "Use of polyacrylamide as a tissue-equivalent material in the microwave range," IEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 35, 275-277, 1988.

20. Chou, C.-K., G.-W. Chen, A. Guy, and K. H. Luk, "Formulas for preparing phantom muscle tissue at various radiofrequencies," Bioelectromag., Vol. 5, 435-441, 1984.
doi:10.1002/bem.2250050408

21. Lazebnik, M., E. L. Madsen, G. R. Frank, and S. C. Hagness, "Tissue-mimicking phantom materials for narrowband and ultrawideband microwave applications," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 50, 4245-4258, 2005.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/50/18/001

22. McCann, C., J. C. Kumaradas, M. R. Gertner, S. R. H. Davidson, A. M. Dolan, and M. D. Sherar, "Feasibility of salvage interstitial microwave thermal therapy for prostate carcinoma following failed brachytherapy: Study in a tissue equivalent phantom," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 48, 1041-1052, 2003.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/48/8/306

23. Ardoino, L., V. Lopresto, S. Mancini, C. Marino, R. Pinto, and G. A. Lovisolo, "A radio-frequency system for in vivo pilot experiments aimed at the studies on biological effects of electromagnetic fields," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 50, 3643-3654, 2005.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/50/15/011

Download Full Article (285) View Full Article volume
The EM Academy piers.org jpier.org Who's Who in EM
Copyright © 2022 The Electromagnetics Academy. All Rights Reserved.