PIER B | PIER Journals

2011-01-25

PIER B

Vol. 27, 385-399, 2011

download: 296

A Multi Band Mini Printed Omni Directional Antenna with V-Shaped for RFID Applications

Abdul Kadir Evizal , Tharek Bin Abdul Rahman , Sharul Kamal Bin Abd Rahim and Mohd Faizal Bin Jamlos

This paper presents a mini multi-band printed omni-directional antenna with v-shaped structure for radio frequency identification (RFID applications. The proposed multi-band antenna is developed from the initial v-shaped design which is only capable of working as a single-band antenna. By deploying a concept of dipole antenna to an initial design, the proposed antenna is accomplished to operate with two different modes of RFID system which are passive and active modes at frequencies of 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz respectively. The passive RFID tag is invented when a chip of UHF (Ultra High Frequency) is integrated with a proposed multi-band antenna. This passive tag, which is able to radiate with the measured signal strength, shows that the reading ranges are boosted almost two times compared to the conventional inlay antenna. The maximum reading range of passive RFID tag with inlay antenna is 5 m, though a reading range up to 10 m is achievable through the deployment of the proposed antenna at a measurement field. Implicitly, the measurements carried out on the antenna are in good agreement with the simulated values. Moreover, the size of the mobile passive RFID tag has been substantially as 100 mm x 70 mm, even though the antenna is fabricated with an inexpensive FR-4 substrate material. With the reasonable gain, coupled with cheaper material and smaller size, the proposed antenna has attractive potentials for use in RFID applications with multiple frequency antenna for active and passive tags.

A MULTI BAND MINI PRINTED OMNI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA WITH V-SHAPED FOR RFID APPLICATIONS

2011-01-07

PIER B

Vol. 27, 365-384, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10121605

download: 314

Computational Optimizations Towards an Accurate and Rapid Electromagnetic Emission Modeling

Abhishek Ramanujan , Zoheir Riah , Anne Louis and Belahcene Mazari

In this paper, a parametric electromagnetic radiated emission model has been explored. Several mathematical improvements with respect to its extraction and computational performance have been deployed. The model, represented with an array of radiating electric dipoles, predicts the electromagnetic emission of components and systems. Core-level changes have been made in order to extract the model parameters: the dipole positions, their orientations and currents, and the effective relative permittivity from near-field measurements. Thresholding and windowing techniques are used to detect and optimize dipole positions, directly from the field data. A fast and memory efficient two-level optimization algorithm based on the Levenberg-Marquardt non-linear least squares technique is implemented for parametric extraction. All the constraints of the previous model have been overcome and the system is validated for mono-substrate and multi-substrate devices from measurements and/or simulations, with promising results. A tremendous improvement in modeling capability and performance has been obtained when compared with that of its erstwhile counterpart.

COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATIONS TOWARDS AN ACCURATE AND RAPID ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSION MODELING

2011-01-03

PIER B

Vol. 27, 349-363, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10110703

download: 316

A New Fast Method of Profile and Wavefront Reduction for Cylindrical Structures in Finite Elements Method Analysis

Youcef Boutora , Rachid Ibtiouen , Smail Mezani , Noureddine Takorabet and Abderrezak Rezzoug

We present a new accurate node's renumbering method for minimizing the profile of stiffness matrix arising in finite elements problems. This method is suitable for cylindrical structures like electrical rotating machines and is especially intended for movement consideration by the moving band method. The structure is divided into sectors classified in a special way. The nodes contained in each sector are classified according to their radius value in regressing order. We show that the performances of the method are better than the most popular ones proposed in the literature. Application for a permanent magnet synchronous machine is presented. Application for finite elements analysis of a permanent synchronous machine in motion is achieved.

2010-12-23

PIER B

Vol. 27, 327-348, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10091804

download: 434

Acceleration of Vortex Methods Calculation Using Fmm and Mdgrape-3

Tarun Kumar Sheel

The present study discusses some numerical techniques on the simultaneous use of the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) and specialpurpose computer (MDGRAPE-3) to make the impractically expensive calculation feasible without the loss of numerical accuracy. In the present calculations, the impingement of two identical inclined vortex rings has been studied, and the computation time has been reduced by a factor of 1000 at N=1.18 × 10⁶ where N is the number of vortex elements. The direct and MDGRAPE-3 calculations both have a scaling of O(N²), and the use of the FMM brings them both down to O(N). The global kinetic energy, enstrophy and energy spectra have been investigated to address the numerical accuracy and have good agreement with other similar works.

ACCELERATION OF VORTEX METHODS CALCULATION USING FMM AND MDGRAPE-3

2010-12-23

PIER B

Vol. 27, 307-325, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10102005

download: 587

Design, Implementation and Performance of Ultra-Wideband Textile Antenna

Mai A. R. Osman , Mohamad Kamal Abd Rahim , Muhamad Azfar Abdullah , Noor Asmawati Binti Samsuri , Farid Zubir and Kamilia Kamardin

Communication technology is increasingly pervading everyday life. The rapid progress in wireless communication besides the increasing interest in wearable antennas and electronics in civil, medical, sport wear and military domains promises to replace wiredcommunication networks in the near future in which antennas are in more important role. Recently, there has been growing interest in the antenna community to merge between wearable systems technology, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology and textile technology. All these together have resulted in demand for flexible fabric antennas, which can be easily attached to a piece of clothing. In this paper, three different structures of UWB antennas using clothing materials and suitable for wearable application were fabricated and presented. The substrate of the designed antennas was made from jeans textile material, while radiating element and ground plane are made out of copper tape. The operating frequency of all three designs is between 3 GHz and 12 GHz. Measured results are compared with simulations and good agreement was observed.

DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF ULTRA-WIDEBAND TEXTILE ANTENNA

2010-12-15

PIER B

Vol. 27, 289-306, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10101204

download: 307

Design of Medical Radiometer Front-End for Improved Performance

Oystein Klemetsen , Yngve Birkelund , Svein K. Jacobsen , Paolo F. Maccarini and Paul R. Stauffer

We have investigated the possibility of building a singleband Dicke radiometer that is inexpensive, small-sized, stable, highly sensitive, and which consists of readily available microwave components. The selected frequency band is at 3.25--3.75 GHz which provides a reasonable compromise between spatial resolution (antenna size) and sensing depth for radiometry applications in lossy tissue. Foreseen applications of the instrument are non-invasive temperature monitoring for breast cancer detection and temperature monitoring during heating. We have found off-the-shelf microwave components that are sufficiently small (<5 mm×5 mm) and which offer satisfactory overall sensitivity. Two different Dicke radiometers have been realized: one is a conventional design with the Dicke switch at the front-end to select either the antenna or noise reference channels for amplification. The second design places a matched pair of low noise amplifiers in front of the Dicke switch to reduce system noise figure. Numerical simulations were performed to test the design conceptsbefore building prototype PCB front-end layouts of the radiometer. Both designs provide an overall power gain of approximately 50 dB over a 500 MHz bandwidth centered at 3.5 GHz. No stability problems were observed despite using triple-cascaded amplifier configurations to boost the thermal signals. The prototypes were tested for sensitivity after calibration in two different water baths. Experiments showed a superior sensitivity (36% higher) when implementing the low noise amplifier before the Dicke switch (close to the antenna) compared to the other design with the Dicke switch in front. Radiometer performance was also tested in a multilayered phantom during alternating heating and radiometric reading. Empirical tests showed that for the configuration with Dicke switch first, the switch had to be locked in the reference position during application of microwave heating to avoid damage to the active components (amplifiers and power meter). For the configuration with low noise amplifier up front, damage would occur to the active components of the radiometer if used in presence of the microwave heating antenna. Nevertheless, this design showed significantly improved sensitivity of measured temperatures and merits further investigation to determine methods of protecting the radiometer for amplifier first front ends.

DESIGN OF MEDICAL RADIOMETER FRONT-END FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE

2010-12-15

PIER B

Vol. 27, 273-288, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10110206

download: 274

Design of 35 GHz Gyrotron for Material Processing Applications

Nitin Kumar , Udaybir Singh , Anil Kumar , Hasina Khatun , T. P. Singh and Ashok Kumar Sinha

The complete design of 35 GHz, 200 kW gyrotron for various material processing and heating applications is presented in this article. The components of the device, such as Magnetron Injection Gun, interaction cavity, collector and RF window, are designed for the TE03 mode. Various in-house developed codes (GCOMS, MIGSYN and MIGANS) and commercially available codes (MAGIC, EGUN and CST-MS) are used for the design purpose. A thorough sensitivity analysis of the gyrotron components are also carried out. The designed device shows the capability to generate more than 200 kW of output power with more than 40% of efficiency.

DESIGN OF 35 GHZ GYROTRON FOR MATERIAL PROCESSING APPLICATIONS

2010-12-13

PIER B

Vol. 27, 253-272, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10101602

download: 276

Complex Image Method Analysis of a Plane Wave-Excited Subwavelength Circular Aperture in a Planar Screen

Krzysztof A. Michalski

A complex image method is presented for the analysis of a subwavelength circular aperture in a perfectly conducting screen of infinitesimal thickness illuminated by a plane wave. The method is based on the Bethe-Bouwkamp quasi static model of the aperture field and uses the spectral domain formulation as the point of departure. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the electromagnetic fields valid for all observation points. Sample numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method for both normal and oblique illuminations, including an evanescent wave. In the latter case, the results show a circulating power flux and enhanced field confinement near the aperture.

COMPLEX IMAGE METHOD ANALYSIS OF A PLANE WAVE-EXCITED SUBWAVELENGTH CIRCULAR APERTURE IN A PLANAR SCREEN

2010-12-10

PIER B

Vol. 27, 235-251, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10100508

download: 564

Wide Beam Tapered Slot Antenna for Wide Angle Scanning Phased Array Antenna

Ashutosh Kedar and K. Beenamole

Design and development of a low profile, compact, wide beam and wide band printed double layered exponentially tapered slot antenna (DTSA) with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed meant for wide scan active phased array antenna in X-band has been presented. DTSA satisfies the requirements on the maximum reflection coefficient of Γ ≤ -10 dB for ±60^o and ±45^o scan from broadside in H- and E-planes, respectively with a moderate gain of 4-7 dBi. Realized antenna has shown a symmetric pattern together with moderately high gain, low cross-polarization and 3 dB beam width better than ±60^o and ±45^o in H- and E-planes, respectively. The designed structure is expected to find applications in mounting platforms with limited RF real estate available to it like in military aircrafts, owing to its easy integration with the uni-planar monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuits.

WIDE BEAM TAPERED SLOT ANTENNA FOR WIDE ANGLE SCANNING PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA

2010-12-04

PIER B

Vol. 27, 213-233, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10110105

download: 308

Study of Fractal-Shaped Structures with PIN Diodes Using the Multi-Scale Method Combined to the Generalized Equivalent Circuit Modeling

Sonia Mili , Chiraz Larbi Aguili and Taoufik Aguili

A multi-scale (MS) approach combined to the generalized equivalent circuit (GEC) modeling is applied to compute the input impedance of pre-fractal structures with incorporated PIN diodes. Instead of treating the whole complex problem at once, the MS method splits the complex structure into a set of scale levels to be studied separately. The computation is done gradually from the lowest level. Each scale level is artificially excited by N modal sources to compute its input impedance matrix. The MS method is based on converting this input impedance matrix into an impedance operator to achieve the transition toward the subsequent level. The PIN diodes were easily integrated in the MS approach thanks to their surface impedance model. The main advantage of the MS-GEC method is the significant reduction of the problem's high aspect ratio since fine details are studied separately of the larger structure. Consequently, the manipulated matrices are well conditioned. Moreover, the reduced size of matrices manipulated at each level leads to less memory requirement and faster processing than the MoM. Values obtained with the MS-GEC approach converge to those given by the MoM method when a su±cient number of modal sources are used at each scale level. For frequencies between 1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, the agreement between the two methods is conspicuous.

STUDY OF FRACTAL-SHAPED STRUCTURES WITH PIN DIODES USING THE MULTI-SCALE METHOD COMBINED TO THE GENERALIZED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELING

2010-12-02

PIER B

Vol. 27, 187-212, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10082701

download: 1293

Magnetic Field and Current Are Zero Inside Ideal Conductors

Miguel C. N. Fiolhais , Hanno Essén , Constanca Providencia and Arne B. Nordmark

We prove a theorem on the magnetic energy minimum in a system of perfect, or ideal, conductors. It is analogous to Thomson's theorem on the equilibrium electric field and charge distribution in a system of conductors. We first prove Thomson's theorem using a variational principle. Our new theorem is then derived by similar methods. We find that magnetic energy is minimized when the current distribution is a surface current density with zero interior magnetic field; perfect conductors are perfectly diamagnetic. The results agree with currents in superconductors being confined near the surface. The theorem implies a generalized force that expels current and magnetic field from the interior of a conductor that loses its resistivity. Examples of solutions that obey the theorem are presented.

MAGNETIC FIELD AND CURRENT ARE ZERO INSIDE IDEAL CONDUCTORS

2010-12-01

PIER B

Vol. 27, 165-186, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10102709

download: 270

Design and Simulation of Membrane Supported Transmission Lines for Interconnects in a mm -Wave Multichip Module

Novak E. S. Farrington and Stavros Iezekiel

Investigations are conducted into low-loss, low-dispersion fully shielded membrane-supported striplines designed for use in a millimeter-wave multi-chip-module. Two types of transmission line are studied: a membrane-supported shielded stripline and a novel variation of this where the membrane material is removed in areas of little mechanical importance to reduce attenuation and dispersion. The latter is possible through the exploitation of a versatile micromachining technique using SU-8 for both the membrane and the shielding. The micromachining techniques used for the fabrication of the micro-shielding allows for the conformal packaging of lines and devices, with the ultimate aim of the realization of novel components for 3D system-in-a-package type modules. Extensive simulated results obtained from rigorous electromagnetic modeling are presented that fully characterize both types of line and, where possible, are compared to measured results. Loss mechanisms are investigated for both line types and simulations suggest that losses as low as 0.39 dB/cm and effective relative permittivities of less than 1.05 are possible at a frequency of 100 GHz, comparing well with other demonstrated membrane supported transmission lines. The methods used for investigation of line characteristics and analysis of single-mode, non-leaky frequency range are applicable to any variety of membrane supported transmission line. The basics of line fabrication are given along with measurement results and de-embedding techniques used at V-band.

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MEMBRANE SUPPORTED TRANSMISSION LINES FOR INTERCONNECTS IN A MM-WAVE MULTICHIP MODULE

2010-11-30

PIER B

Vol. 27, 151-163, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10081501

download: 277

Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Invisibility Cloaks with Arbitrary Shapes in Layered-Medium Background

Yong-Bo Zhai and Tie-Jun Cui

Three-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric invisibility cloaks with arbitrary shaped in layered-media background are presented using the transformation optics. The inner and outer boundaries of the cloaks can be non-conformal with arbitrary shapes, which considerably improve the flexibility of the cloaking applications. However, such kinds of 3D cloaks cannot be simulated using the commercial softwares due to the tremendous memory requirements and CPU time. By taking advantage of the rotationally symmetrical property, we propose an efficient finite-element method (FEM) to simulate and analyze the 3D cloaks, which can greatly reduce the CPU time and memory requirements. The method is based on the electric-field formulation, in which the transverse fields are expanded in terms of second-order edge-based vector basis functions and the azimuth components are expanded using second-order nodal-based scalar basis functions. The FEM mesh is truncated using the absorbing boundary condition. Excellent cloaking performance of the 3D cloaks in layered-media background has been verified by the proposed method.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL AXISYMMETRIC INVISIBILITY CLOAKS WITH ARBITRARY SHAPES IN LAYERED-MEDIUM BACKGROUND

2010-11-30

PIER B

Vol. 27, 127-149, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10100510

download: 267

Direction of Arrival Estimation of Humans with a Small Sensor Array Using an Artificial Neural Network

Youngwook Kim and Hao Ling

An array processing algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed to estimate the directions of arrival (DOAs) of moving humans using a small sensor array. In the approach, software beamforming is first performed on the received signals from the sensor elements to form a number of overlapping beams. The received signals from all the beams produce a unique "signature" in accordance with the target locations as well as the number of targets. The target tracking procedure is handled by two separate ANNs in sequence. The first ANN determines the number of targets, and the second ANN estimates their respective DOAs. The ANNs are trained using simulation data generated based on a point scatterer model in free space. The proposed approach is tested using measurement data from two loudspeakers and two walking humans in line-of-sight and through-wall environments.

DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION OF HUMANS WITH A SMALL SENSOR ARRAY USING AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

2010-11-29

PIER B

Vol. 27, 101-126, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10072206

download: 252

Detection of Massive Numbers of Dvds by a UHF RFID System

Zhonghao Hu and Peter Cole

This paper aims to provide an effective solution to the problem of detecting a large number of densely stacked DVDs. The number is in the range of 2000. In order to achieve that goal, firstly the structure and the properties of materials comprising a DVD disc and a DVD case are investigated. The effect of the metal layer in the disc on the interrogating wave is evaluated via theoretical analysis and simulation. Based on that analysis and simulation, and on numerous experiments on either a single labeled DVD in free space or multiple labeled DVD in a DVD stack, two solutions are proposed whereby over 95% DVDs in a great portion of a 2000 DVD stack could be detected. Eliminating the tags which have weak performance, the percentage can be 100%. This paper not only expands the range of categories detectable by UHF RFID systems but also provides a process and method for item-level tagging in which the number of the items is in the range of thousands.

DETECTION OF MASSIVE NUMBERS OF DVDS BY A UHF RFID SYSTEM

2010-11-28

PIER B

Vol. 27, 83-99, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10102205

download: 250

On Simulating the Radio Signal Propagation in the Reverberation Chamber with the Ray Launching Method

Kamil Staniec and Adam J. Pomianek

The modeling of the reverberation chamber with the use of deterministic techniques, one of which is the Ray Launching (RL) method, requires a careful tuning with measurements. A few factors that most severely influence the simulation results are: the minimum number of stirrer rotations to produce representative outcomes, the number of reflections of each traced ray and, finally, the size of the receive probe and the wall reflection loss. In the course of investigations it was demonstrated that these factors have a different, and in some instances --- even opposite, impact on the simulated results in the electromagnetic (EM) power domain and in the time domain (the time delay spread). A simple procedure consisting of a few steps has been proposed for tuning deterministic RL models to the measured data.

ON SIMULATING THE RADIO SIGNAL PROPAGATION IN THE REVERBERATION CHAMBER WITH THE RAY LAUNCHING METHOD

2010-11-27

PIER B

Vol. 27, 61-82, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10081606

download: 476

Determination of the Fresnel Reflection Coefficient of a Half-Space for Medium Estimation Purposes

Raffaele Solimene , Francesco Soldovieri and Antonietta D'Alterio

A novel procedure for estimating the Fresnel reflection coefficient of a transversally homogeneous half-space medium is introduced. GPR multistatic measurements are exploited as data whereas the Fresnel coefficient (as a function of the incidence angle) is retrieved by inverting a linear integral equation. Having estimated the reflection coefficient it can be exploited to determine the medium electromagnetic parameters. Numerical examples are used to show procedure effectiveness for different types of homogeneous half-space media within a two-dimensional scalar geometry. The case of a layered half-space is also discussed.

DETERMINATION OF THE FRESNEL REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF A HALF-SPACE FOR MEDIUM ESTIMATION PURPOSES

2010-11-22

PIER B

Vol. 27, 37-59, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10090104

download: 315

Reflection Properties of a Biaxially Anisotropic Dielectric Film in a Long-Wavelength Approximation

Peep Adamson

The reflection of linearly polarized light from an ultrathin biaxially anisotropic dielectric film on an isotropic transparent material is investigated in the long-wavelength limit. The approximate expressions for the reflection characteristics of s- and p-polarized electromagnetic plane waves are obtained. The analytical approach developed in this paper not only provides insight into the nature of reflection problem for biaxially anisotropic ultrathin films but also furnishes the methods for resolving the inverse problem for such anisotropic layers. It is shown that a key capability of the developed analytical method is to decouple the usual correlations in the index and the thickness of ultrathin films.

REFLECTION PROPERTIES OF A BIAXIALLY ANISOTROPIC DIELECTRIC FILM IN A LONG-WAVELENGTH APPROXIMATION

2010-11-09

PIER B

Vol. 27, 21-36, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10072803

download: 266

New Implementation of the Conjugate Gradient Based on the Impedance Operator to Analyse Electromagnetic Scattering

Haifa Belhadj , Sonia Mili and Taoufik Aguili

An original iterative method based on the conjugate gradient algorithm is developed in this paper to study electromagnetic scattering. The Generalized Equivalent Circuit (GEC) method is used to model the problem and then deduce an electromagnetic equation based on the impedance operator. For validation purposes, the developed method has been applied to various iris structures. Results computed using the new implementation of the conjugate gradient are similar to theoretical values. The field and current distribution are identical to the ones obtained with the moment method. Moreover, the memory resources required for storage are significantly reduced.

NEW IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONJUGATE GRADIENT BASED ON THE IMPEDANCE OPERATOR TO ANALYSE ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING

2010-11-09

PIER B

Vol. 27, 1-19, 2011

doi:10.2528/PIERB10090404

download: 269

Transient Adjoint Sensitivities for Discontinuities with Gaussian Material Distributions

Ahmed Gomaa Radwan , Mohamed H. Bakr and Natalia K. Nikolova

We present a novel approach for adjoint transient sensitivity analysis with respect to discontinuities with space-dependent materials exhibiting known distribution. Our approach integrates the Time Domain Transmission-Line-Modeling (TD-TLM) with the Adjoint Variable Method (AVM). Using only one extra TD-TLM simulation, the sensitivities of the observed response with respect to all the parameters of the Gaussian distribution are obtained. The accuracy of our sensitivity analysis approach is illustrated through a number of different 2D and 3D examples. Using the previous sensitivities, gradient-based optimization technique is applied to exploit in the location and profile of various inhomogeneous material Gaussian distribution for inverse problems. This method can be repeated for any continuous or discontinuous distributions that exist in electromagnetic imaging for space dependent materials like cancer detection.