PIER B | PIER Journals

2024-12-31

PIER B

Vol. 109, 127-139, 2024

download: 56

A Novel Miniature Inverted `V' Slot Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for X-Band Applications

Bathula Ashok Kumar, Vijaya Chandra Kavuri, Gudla Ramalakshmi and Moturi Satyanarayana

A reconfigurable patch antenna for X-band applications offers frequency agility and adaptability for systems operating within the 8-12 GHz range. This design allows dynamic tuning of the antenna's operating frequency, making it ideal for radar, satellite communications, and military applications. By incorporating reconfigurable elements, such as switches or tunable materials, the antenna can adjust to varying operational requirements, improving performance and flexibility in compact systems where space and efficiency are crucial. A reconfigurable patch antenna for X-band applications faces several challenges. Incorporating reconfigurable elements, such as switches or tunable materials, can increase the design's complexity and reduce reliability, especially in high-frequency X-band operations. Miniaturization may result in performance trade-offs, potentially affecting the antenna's gain, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency. Additionally, ensuring stable and interference-free operation across the reconfigured frequencies can be difficult. The antenna's power-handling capability may also be limited, which is critical for radar and military applications. Finally, thermal stability and environmental resilience are key concerns, as performance can degrade under varying conditions. Hence, this paper proposes a novel miniature inverted V-slot reconfigurable patch antenna. extended antenna design features a compact radiating patch (10.5 mm x 14 mm) with an inverted `V' slot and corner modifications (chamfering) to enhance performance. Frequency and polarization reconfiguration are achieved through the enable/disable functionality of PIN diodes placed within the inverted `V' slot, allowing dynamic adjustments. The defected ground structure, featuring two vertical slots, further aids in enhancing the antenna's operational capabilities. The antenna operates across multiple frequency bands, specifically 9.84-10.46 GHz, 10.66-11.59 GHz, 11.08-11.98 GHz, and 11.61-12.11 GHz, making it suitable for X-band applications. Additionally, the proposed antenna supports right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and linear polarization (LP), offering versatile propagation modes. Both practical and simulated results demonstrate good impedance matching across different polarization states. This design is highly suitable for satellite communication and other X-band applications due to its reconfigurable and flexible performance.

A Novel Miniature Inverted `V' Slot Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for X-band Applications

2024-12-15

PIER B

Vol. 109, 113-125, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24101702

download: 75

A Slot Array Cavity Backed SIW Metamaterial Antenna for Satellite Applications

Astha Sharma and Reema Budhiraja

This research paper presents a novel dual-band slot array cavity-backed metamaterial antenna designed using advanced substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The antenna is specifically optimized for operation in the Ka-band frequencies. The incorporation of slots in the proposed design yields substantial advantages, such as enhanced impedance matching, exceptional directivity, and the capability for dual-band operation. Furthermore, the designed antenna showcases a gain of 6.40 dBi at 27.42 GHz and 4.77 dBi at 28.70 GHz, which is a result of the innovative incorporation of metamaterials within the SIW cavity. This demonstrates the antenna's ability to provide efficient signal reception and transmission, particularly in the specified frequency bands. The antenna's capability to operate in dual bands and its exceptional performance have been confirmed through rigorous simulation and experimental validation. These results substantiate its reliability and suitability for demanding millimeter-wave applications. The compact design and exceptional performance metrics of the proposed antenna underscore its potential for seamless integration into contemporary wireless communication systems, thereby laying the groundwork for continued progress in SIW and metamaterial-based antenna technology.

A Slot Array Cavity Backed SIW Metamaterial Antenna for Satellite Applications

2024-12-11

PIER B

Vol. 109, 95-112, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24091906

download: 55

Free Space Transmission Lines in Receiving Antenna Operation

Reuven Ianconescu and Vladimir Vulfin

This work derives exact expressions for the voltage and current induced into a two conductors non-isolated transmission line by an incident plane wave. The methodology is to use the transmission line radiating properties to derive scattering matrices and make use of reciprocity to derive the response to the incident wave. This methodology to derive receiving characteristics from the radiation properties via a scattering matrix is novel, and we already started to implement it to additional cases. An immediate advantage we obtained from this method is the derivation of a very simple analytic expression for the voltage and current for a matched transmission line. The analysis is in the frequency domain, and it considers transmission lines of any small electric cross section, incident by a plane wave from any direction and polarization. The analytic results are validated by successful comparison with ANSYS commercial software simulation results, and compatible with other published results.

Free Space Transmission Lines in Receiving Antenna Operation

2024-12-05

PIER B

Vol. 109, 81-93, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24092501

download: 244

Design of a Crescent Moon-Shaped Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Using a PIN Diode for 5G Sub-6 GHz and Multistandard Wireless Applications

Salah Eddine El Aoud, Hind Abbaoui, Omaima Benkhadda, Sanae Attioui, Nasima El Assri, Saïda Ibnyaich, Abdelouhab Zeroual, Mohd Muzafar Ismail and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi

This research explores the versatility of a miniature reconfigurable antenna designed for a variety of wireless applications: 5G (IEEE 802.15.3), WLAN (IEEE 802.11), V2X (IEEE 802.11 p), WiMAX (IEEE 802.166), Wi-Fi 6E (IEEE 802.11 ax), Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11 be), C-band (from 4 GHz to 8 GHz), and X-band (from 8 GHz to 12 GHz). The antenna utilizes an FR4-Epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a relative permittivity of 4.3. To enable frequency reconfigurability, the patch is equipped with two PIN diodes, which can be positioned at different locations to adjust the antenna's operational frequency range. This reconfigurability allows the antenna to maintain its size while changing its frequency range according to the state of the PIN diodes. The strength of our work lies in achieving exceptional electrical performance while maintaining a small size, cost-effective, and compact design. The antenna demonstrates an almost omnidirectional radiation pattern across all frequency ranges. Additionally, the simulated reflection coefficient remains within the ideal range for every frequency band. The antenna's overall dimension is 22 × 18 × 1.6 mm³ (λ_o/4 × λ_o/5 × λ_o/56) (with λ_o being the free space wavelength at the lowest resonating frequency and for the proposed antenna its value equal to 91.18 mm) with a miniaturization rate equal to 75.25%. This compact antenna is designed to operate across multiple frequencies, making it suitable for various applications, particularly in wireless communication systems. Its versatility also makes it a promising candidate for future portable devices, sensor networks, and telecommunication applications. The performance metrics, including return loss and radiation pattern, are presented, demonstrating strong performance across these parameters. The analyses were conducted using the CST Studio Suite, which provided detailed insights into the antenna's functionality and effectiveness.

Design of a Crescent Moon-shaped Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Using a PIN Diode for 5G Sub-6 GHz and Multistandard Wireless Applications

2024-11-28

PIER B

Vol. 109, 69-80, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24092404

download: 60

A Technique for Alternating Generation of Single and Multi-Beams from Circularly Polarized Antenna Arrays

David Pouhè

A simple technique for generating single and multiple beams from antenna arrays is presented. The approach is based on the multistage sequential rotation technique. A new feature in using multistage sequential rotation is provided. It is demonstrated that by applying a controlled second sequential rotation, circularly polarized antenna arrays operating alternately in a single-beam mode M1 and multi-beam mode M2 in the same frequency band can be designed. Proof-of-concept is provided mathematically and through numerical simulations in light of case studies. The approach can not only be applied to large antenna arrays following a modular principle adapted to the array size and needed applications without loss of generality, but it also paves the way for the manufacture of circularly polarized antennas operating alternately or simultaneously in both modes in the same frequency band. In addition, antennas designed using the proposed approach may have a wide range of applications ranging from monopulse radar to antennas for compensation of interference and blockage in dynamic communication environments.

A Technique for Alternating Generation of Single and Multi-Beams from Circularly Polarized Antenna Arrays

2024-11-21

PIER B

Vol. 109, 57-67, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24092504

download: 68

Analysis of Eddy Current Losses and Stresses in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Frameless Torque

Xiping Liu, Haiao Sun, Zhangqi Liu and Canwei Zhang

In this paper, a high-speed frameless torque permanent magnet synchronous motor is designed to determine the optimal structure of the rotor by comparing the air gap magnetism, cogging torque and output torque of the motor through finite element analysis. The effects of different material rotor sheaths on eddy current loss are compared and analyzed, and the copper shield is used to optimize the rotor eddy current loss of the high-speed frameless torque motor. Through the analytical method, based on the theory of thick-walled cylinder, the stress calculation is carried out on the multilayer rotor structure of the high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor with copper shielding layer, and a comparative analysis is carried out with the simulation results to verify the validity of the analytical calculations and the reasonableness of the optimization of the rotor eddy current loss.

Analysis of Eddy Current Losses and Stresses in High-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Frameless Torque

2024-11-19

PIER B

Vol. 109, 41-56, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24070604

download: 149

Design of F-Shaped Parasitic MIMO Antenna with DGS for Vehicle-to-Everything Communication

Maruti R. Jadhav and Uttam L. Bombale

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas are essential for transmitting and receiving information in Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication. However, the MIMO antenna designs at V2X are complex because of the mutual coupling problem. Several approaches have been designed to improve antenna isolation. However, these approaches have drawbacks like gain, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency reductions. This work introduces a compact four-port MIMO antenna that operates at a 5.85 GHz to 5.9 GHz frequency range for V2X communication. Here, the slotted circular microstrip patch MIMO antenna is considered. The antenna's length, width, and patch are optimized by metaheuristic optimization called Aquila Optimization (AO). A substrate Rogers RT5880, which has a defected ground structure (DGS) and a parasitic patch, is used to design the antenna. F-shaped parasitic elements are placed near each antenna element to improve isolation. The DGS with a U-shaped parasitic element minimizes the mutual coupling among the adjacent antenna elements. The considered overall dimension has a compact size, and it achieves better envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.5), total active reflection coefficient (TARC < -10 dB), diversity gain (DG > 9.9 dB), channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.4), and mean effective gain (MEG < 3 dB) at 5.88 GHz. Hence, it is proposed that the developed design is useful for applying V2X communications.

Design of F-shaped Parasitic MIMO Antenna with DGS for Vehicle-to-everything Communication

2024-11-16

PIER B

Vol. 109, 29-40, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24092103

download: 101

Design and Optimization of Series-Connected Hybrid Excitation Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Jianwei Liang, Tian Song, Peiyao Guo, Xiubin Zhu, Zhangsheng Liu and Yuqian Zhao

To address the problems that the traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor air-gap flux is difficult to adjust and that the weak magnetic speed expansion ability is poor, a new series-connected hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. A DC excitation winding is added to the rotor, allowing the excitation field generated by this winding to form a series connection with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets. The structure of this paper includes an overview of the novel rotor structure and principle of operation. For the complex rotor structure, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is used for optimisation, followed by finite element analysis to compare the performance of the initial motor, the optimised motor and the conventional motor in terms of no-load air-gap magnetism, reverse electromotive force as well as output torque and efficiency. The magnetic load of the motor in the demagnetized state is increased from 0.2 to 0.266 compared to the unexcited state, and the magnetization capacity is improved by 33%. The output torque of the optimized motor is 252 N.m at low speed; the output torque of the conventional motor is 220 N.m; and the starting torque of the motor is improved by 14.5%. The maximum speed is increased from 10,000 rpm to 11,500 rpm, and the speed expansion capacity is improved by 15%. The effectiveness and feasibility of the series-connected hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous motor are verified.

Design and Optimization of Series-connected Hybrid Excitation Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

2024-11-11

PIER B

Vol. 109, 17-28, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24091803

download: 207

A Low-Profile Single-Layered Wideband Combinational Reconfigurable Antenna for 4G and 5G Applications

Sweta Agarwal, Akanksha Singh and Manoj Kumar Meshram

A single-layered monopole wideband combinational reconfigurable antenna for 4G and 5G applications is presented in this paper. Coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding method is utilized to get single-layered structure. The three characteristics of this antenna are reconfigurable: frequency, polalization, and radiation pattern. This antenna consists of a parasitic element attached to a rectangular ring antenna. An RF-PIN diode is used to connect this parasitic element to the loop antenna. Additionally, two parasitic elements are connected to the ground plane of the proposed antenna via a pair of RF-PIN diodes. The suggested antenna functions in seven distinct states with the use of these three RF-PIN diodes. The suggested antenna operates at frequencies of 3.24-3.52 GHz, 2.78-2.94 GHz, and 2.54-2.9 GHz with an omnidirectional radiation pattern in states 1, 2, and 5. In states 3 and 4, it has an end-fire radiation pattern in the left and right directions of the proposed antenna, covering a wide frequency band of 2.47-3.57 GHz. Lastly, the suggested antenna operates in dual bands at frequencies of 2.49–2.9 GHz and 3.6-3.76 GHz in states 6 and 7. It offers reconfigurability of polarization at the higher band. The suggested antenna is made of glass epoxy FR-4. For verification of the suggested antenna, the prototype is designed and tested. The simulated and experimental results agree quite well.

2024-10-26

PIER B

Vol. 109, 1-16, 2024

doi:10.2528/PIERB24090305

download: 143

Ultrawideband High-Gain Stacked Microstrip Antenna with Modified E-Shaped Active Exciter and Four Single-Sided Bowtie Passive Elements

Mikhail S. Shishkin

The article presents a method that allows for the high gain of a stacked microstrip antenna on an air substrate in an ultrawide frequency range. The method uses an active exciter in the form of a modified E-shaped patch, as well as four single-sided bowtie passive elements placed in the corners above the active one. The active element can match an antenna in an ultra-wide frequency range (up to 100%) with an impedance bandwidth matching of 10 dB or better, whereas passive elements are able to produce unidirectional radiation in the range of approximately 70-80% with a gain of more than 10 dBi. Based on the method under study, an ultrawideband antenna design was made which operates in a frequency band of 3,915 to 11,046 MHz (95.3%) with an impedance bandwidth matching of 10 dB and a bandwidth about 83% with |S₁₁| ≤ -15 dB; the usable bandwidth with a gain of more than 10 dBi in the normal direction to the antenna plane with a cross-polar discrimination more than 55 dB is 77% (3,925-8,837 MHz). At frequencies below 4 GHz and above 9 GHz, the phase center shifts, and accordingly, the main lobe of the radiation pattern (radiation maximum) deflects. All antenna elements (one active and four passives) are made of sheet metal (e.g., stainless steel) and are connected to the conductive screen by steel or dielectric racks. The antenna dimensions are 1.05λ_max × 1.2λ_max × 0.1λ_max (1.7λ₀ × 1.9λ₀ × 0.2λ₀). Owing to its high performance, the antenna may be used as a measuring device in radio monitoring systems or in laboratories.