volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The article presents a method that allows for the high gain of a stacked microstrip antenna on an air substrate in an ultrawide frequency range. The method uses an active exciter in the form of a modified E-shaped patch, as well as four single-sided bowtie passive elements placed in the corners above the active one. The active element can match an antenna in an ultra-wide frequency range (up to 100%) with an impedance bandwidth matching of 10 dB or better, whereas passive elements are able to produce unidirectional radiation in the range of approximately 70-80% with a gain of more than 10 dBi. Based on the method under study, an ultrawideband antenna design was made which operates in a frequency band of 3,915 to 11,046 MHz (95.3%) with an impedance bandwidth matching of 10 dB and a bandwidth about 83% with |S₁₁| ≤ -15 dB; the usable bandwidth with a gain of more than 10 dBi in the normal direction to the antenna plane with a cross-polar discrimination more than 55 dB is 77% (3,925-8,837 MHz). At frequencies below 4 GHz and above 9 GHz, the phase center shifts, and accordingly, the main lobe of the radiation pattern (radiation maximum) deflects. All antenna elements (one active and four passives) are made of sheet metal (e.g., stainless steel) and are connected to the conductive screen by steel or dielectric racks. The antenna dimensions are 1.05λ_max × 1.2λ_max × 0.1λ_max (1.7λ₀ × 1.9λ₀ × 0.2λ₀). Owing to its high performance, the antenna may be used as a measuring device in radio monitoring systems or in laboratories.

1. FCC, "Federal communications commission revision of Part 15 of the commission’s rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems," First Report and Order FCC, 02.V48, 2002.

2. Hasan, Md. Nazmul and Munkyo Seo, "A planar 3.4-9 GHz UWB monopole antenna," 2018 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 1-2, Busan, Korea (South) , Oct. 2018.

3. Devana, V. and Avula Maheswara Rao, "Design and parametric analysis of beveled UWB triple band rejection antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 84, 95-106, 2019.

4. Ponnapalli, Venkata Lakshmi Narayana Phani, Shanumugam Karthikeyan, Jammula Lakshmi Narayana, and V. N. Koteswara Rao Devana, "A compact novel lamp slotted WLAN band notched UWB antenna integrated with Ku band," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 129, 89-98, 2023.

5. Vinoth, Joseph Charles, Subramaniam Ramesh, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin, Suhail Asghar Qureshi, Sivathanu Chitra, Elumalai Saranya, Messiah Josephine, and Ganesan Sneha, "Planar edged UWB antenna for water quality measurement," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 130, 83-93, 2023.

6. Xue, Jincheng, Ao Ni, Lanzheng Liu, Zhuopeng Wang, and Xia Wang, "An ultra-wideband antenna based on left-handed materials for IoT applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 140, 151-161, 2024.

7. Wang, Zhonggen, Guoxiang Song, Wenyan Nie, Ming Yang, Chenlu Li, and Mingqing Wang, "A racket-like UWB MIMO antenna with high isolation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 144, 159-168, 2024.

8. Park, Seungyong and Kyung-Young Jung, "Novel compact UWB planar monopole antenna using a ribbon-shaped slot," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 61951-61959, 2022.

9. Kamma, Anil, Swapnil R. Gupta, G. Shrikanth Reddy, and Jayanta Mukherjee, "Compact UWB ring sectoral monopole antenna with dual polarization," 2013 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), 1-3, Mumbai, India, Dec. 2013.

10. Ren, Jian, Wei Hu, Yingzeng Yin, and Rong Fan, "Compact printed MIMO antenna for UWB applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 1517-1520, 2014.

11. Wang, Yanfang, Fuguo Zhu, and Steven Gao, "Design of planar ultra-wideband antenna with polarization diversity and high isolation," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), 1-3, Nanjing, China, Oct. 2016.

12. Divya, S., K. Premchand, and P. Hari Krishna, "Arc-shaped monopole antenna with polarization diversity characteristics for UWB applications," 2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI), 1632-1635, Chennai, India, Sep. 2017.

13. Islam, Tanvir, Esraa Mousa Ali, Wahaj Abbas Awan, Mohammed S. Alzaidi, Thamer A. H. Alghamdi, and Moath Alathbah, "A parasitic patch loaded staircase shaped UWB MIMO antenna having notch band for WBAN applications," Heliyon, Vol. 10, No. 1, e23711, 2024.

14. Gibson, Peter J., "The Vivaldi aerial," 1979 9th European Microwave Conference, 101-105, Brighton, UK, Sep. 1979.

15. Balanis, Constantine A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

16. Chen, Zhi Ning, Duixian Liu, Hisamatsu Nakano, Xianming Qing, and Thomas Zwick, Handbook of Antenna Technologies, Springer, 2016.

17. Dixit, Amruta S. and Sumit Kumar, "A survey of performance enhancement techniques of antipodal Vivaldi antenna," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 45774-45796, 2020.

18. Li, Kexi, Mingzhe Liu, and Hong Zhang, "An L-band ultra wide-band Vivaldi antenna with wide beam angle," 2020 13th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre-Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT), 1-3, Tianjin, China, Sep. 2020.

19. Yin, Zhang-Fei, Xue-Xia Yang, and Tian Lou, "A high gain UWB Vivaldi antenna loaded with elliptical slots," 2018 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium --- China (ACES), 1-2, Beijing, China, Aug. 2018.

20. Sang, Lei, Shaoran Wu, Gang Liu, Jinhong Wang, and Wen Huang, "High-gain UWB Vivaldi antenna loaded with reconfigurable 3-D phase adjusting unit lens," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 2, 322-326, 2020.

21. Xu, Han, Juan Lei, Changjuan Cui, and Lin Yang, "UWB dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna with high gain," 2012 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), Vol. 3, 1-4, Shenzhen, China, May 2012.

22. Chen, Yaling, Yejun He, Wenting Li, Long Zhang, Sai-Wai Wong, and Amir Boag, "A 3-9 GHz UWB high-gain conformal end-fire Vivaldi antenna array," 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS/URSI), 737-738, Singapore, Singapore, Dec. 2021.

23. Volakis, John Leonidas and John Leonidas Volakis, Antenna Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1755, McGraw-Hill, 2007.

24. Casula, Giovanni Andrea, Paolo Maxia, Giuseppe Mazzarella, and Giorgio Montisci, "Design of a printed log-periodic dipole array for ultra-wideband applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 38, 15-26, 2013.

25. Gowda, E. Dhanush and V. Nuthan Prasad, "Design of log-periodic monopole array patch antenna for UWB applications using alphabetic slots on partial ground plane," 2020 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT), 1-5, Bangalore, India, Jul. 2020.

26. Mistry, Keyur K., Pavlos I. Lazaridis, Zaharias D. Zaharis, and Tian Hong Loh, "Design and optimization of compact printed log-periodic dipole array antennas with extended low-frequency response," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 17, 2044, 2021.

27. Wang, Qian, Chuanchao Song, Huiyuan Zhou, and Li-Zhong Song, "Simulation and analysis of LPFSA loaded with split-ring resonators," 2019 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium --- China (ACES), Vol. 1, 1-2, Nanjing, China, Aug. 2019.

28. Amini, Amrollah, Homayoon Oraizi, and Mohammad Amin Chaychi zadeh, "Miniaturized UWB log-periodic square fractal antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 14, 1322-1325, 2015.

29. Wang, Zhixin, Xiaoyan Zhao, Fangzheng Ji, Shichun Huang, and Zhaoneng Jiang, "Ultra-wideband cylindrical conformal array antenna based on LPKDA," 2020 IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), 1-4, Hangzhou, China, Dec. 2020.

30. Midtbøen, Vegard, Kristian G. Kjelgård, and Tor S. Lande, "3D printed horn antenna with PCB microstrip feed for UWB radar applications," 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Pavia, Italy, Sep. 2017.

31. Nan, Hu, "Design and implementation of high performance UWB horn antenna," 2018 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium --- China (ACES), 1-2, Beijing, China, Aug. 2018.

32. Lin, Shu, Shoulan Liu, Yuwei Zhang, and Jianlin Jiao, "Analysis and experiment of a ridged horn antenna with metallic grid sidewalls," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 96, 27-41, 2019.

33. Liu, Shuang, Jianrui Liu, Lixin Zhao, Changyong Yuan, Nan Hu, and Wenqing Xie, "The design of UWB double-ridge horn antenna," 2020 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), 1-2, Xiamen, China, Aug. 2020.

34. Qiao, Xuguang, Hongzhi Zhao, and Zhaoneng Jiang, "Wideband and high gain horn antenna with lens and wedge ridge," 2019 IEEE International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics (ICCEM), 1-3, Shanghai, China, Mar. 2019.

35. Luk, Kwai-Man and Hang Wong, "A new wideband unidirectional antenna element," International journal of Microwave and Optical Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 35-44, 2006.

36. Eldek, Abdelnasser A., "Ultrawideband double rhombus antenna with stable radiation patterns for phased array applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 55, No. 1, 84-91, 2007.

37. Lin, Shu, Xin-Yue Zhang, Xing-qi Zhang, Xue-ying Zhang, Run-nan Cai, Guan-long Huang, Li-wen Jing, and Wen-bin Zhang, "High-gain planar TEM horn antenna fed by balanced microstrip line," 2011 6th International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China (CHINACOM), 909-912, Harbin, China, Aug. 2011.

38. Wei, Jia, Xing Jiang, and Lin Peng, "Ultrawideband and high-gain circularly polarized antenna with double-Y-shape slot," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 1508-1511, 2017.

39. Fan, Jun, Jiangchuan Lin, Jinliang Cai, and Feng Qin, "Ultra-wideband circularly polarized cavity-backed crossed-dipole antenna," Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, No. 1, 4569, 2022.

40. Latha, Thokala, Gopi Ram, G. Arun Kumar, and Mada Chakravarthy, "Review on ultra-wideband phased array antennas," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 129742-129755, 2021.

41. Awasthi, Abhishek K., Christopher D. Simpson, Shriniwas Kolpuke, Tuan D. Luong, Jie-Bang Yan, Drew Taylor, and S. Prasad Gogineni, "Ultra-wideband patch antenna array with an inclined proximity coupled feed for small unmanned aircraft RADAR applications," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2, 1079-1086, 2021.

42. Johnson, Alexander D., Vignesh Manohar, Satheesh Bojja Venkatakrishnan, and John L. Volakis, "Optimized differential TCDA (D-TCDA) with novel differential feed structure," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2, 464-472, 2021.

43. Li, Bin, Jinping Zhang, Ye Deng, and Zhipeng Zhou, "Design of a low-profile ultra-wideband antenna array based on planar dipole elements," 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf18), 0125-0128, Oklahoma City, OK, USA, Apr. 2018.

44. Patwary, Adnan Basir and Ifana Mahbub, "4 × 4 UWB phased array antenna with >51° far-field scanning range for wireless power transfer application," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 5, No. 2, 354-367, 2024.

45. Babaeian, Fatemeh and Nemai Chandra Karmakar, "4 × 4 element UWB dual-polarized aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna array for chipless RFID," 2020 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM), 1-4, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Dec. 2020.

46. He, Dongling, Peng Zhao, and Xiaodong Huang, "Novel high gain and compact UWB antenna using multiple radiation arms loaded with rectangular patches," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), 1-3, Nanjing, China, Oct. 2016.

47. Lakrit, Soufian, Hicham Medkour, Sudipta Das, Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav, Wael A. E. Ali, and R. P. Dwivedi, "Design and analysis of integrated Wilkinson power divider-fed conformal high-gain UWB array antenna with band rejection characteristics for WLAN applications," Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, Vol. 30, No. 08, 2150133, 2021.

48. Garbaruk, Marek, "A planar four-element UWB antenna array with stripline feeding network," Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, 469, 2022.

49. Saleh, Sahar, Widad Ismail, Intan Sorfina Zainal Abidin, Moh’d Haizal Jamaluddin, Mohammed H. Bataineh, and Asem Alzoubi, "Simple UWB linear antenna array based on compact Wilkinson and Bagley power dividers," 2020 IEEE 5th International Symposium on Telecommunication Technologies (ISTT), 45-50, Shah Alam, Malaysia, Nov. 2020.

50. Shishkin, Mikhail S. and Sergey N. Shabunin, "Analysis of various designs of wideband patch antennas," 2022 IEEE International Multi-Conference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON), 1190-1193, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, Nov. 2022.

51. Shishkin, Mikhail S., "Wideband high-gain dual-polarized antenna for 5G communications," 2021 XV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems Of Electronic Instrument Engineering (APEIE), 311-316, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, Nov. 2021.

52. Shishkin, Mikhail S., "Research of a wideband dual-polarization microstrip antenna array on a suspended substrate with irregular arrangement of elements," 2024 IEEE 25th International Conference of Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials (EDM), 630-635, Altai, Russian Federation, Jul. 2024.

53. Shishkin, Mikhail S., "Bandwidth enhancement methods analysis for high-gain stacked microstrip antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 107, 19-31, 2024.

54. Legay, Herve and L. Shafai, "New stacked microstrip antenna with large bandwidth and high gain," IEE Proceedings --- Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 141, No. 3, 199-204, 1994.

55. Mallahzadeh, Ali Reza, Sabikeh Es' haghi, and Amir Alipour, "Design of an E-shaped MIMO antenna using IWO algorithm for wireless application at 5.8 GHz," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 90, 187-203, 2009.

56. Sheik, Basheer Ali, PV Sridevi, and PV Rama Raju, "E-shaped patch antennas for multitasks/uninterrupted 5G communications," Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 110, No. 2, 873-891, 2020.

57. Vincenti Gatti, Roberto, Riccardo Rossi, and Marco Dionigi, "Single-layer line-fed broadband microstrip patch antenna on thin substrates," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 37, 2021.

58. Vasekar, A. and M. Mathpati, "Effect of feed point position on metamaterial based patch antenna," International Journal of Advanced Computational Engineering and Networking, Vol. 6, No. 7, 33-37, 2018.

59. Ooi, B. L., M. S. Leong, and Q. Shen, "A novel equivalent circuit for E-shaped slot patch antenna," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2001 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37229), Vol. 4, 482-485, Boston, MA, USA, Jul. 2001.

60. Patel, Shobhit K. and Y. P. Kosta, "E-shape microstrip patch antenna design for GPS application," 2011 Nirma University International Conference on Engineering, 1-4, Ahmedabad, India, Dec. 2011.

61. Kumar, D. Naresh, "Multi-technique broadband microstrip patch antenna design," International Conference on Applied Physics, Power and Material Science, Vol. 1172, No. 1, 012112, Telangana, India, Dec. 2018.

62. Liu, Li, Chengguang Zhang, Yu Liu, and Yujin Hua, "A high gain and directivity bow tie antenna based on single-negative metamaterial," Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, Vol. 17, No. 2, 246-259, 2018.

63. Awl, Halgurd N., Yadgar I. Abdulkarim, Lianwen Deng, Mehmet Bakır, Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif, Muharrem Karaaslan, Emin Unal, and Heng Luo, "Bandwidth improvement in bow-tie microstrip antennas: The effect of substrate type and design dimensions," Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2, 504, 2020.

64. Alsisi, Rayan Hamza, Arshad Karimbu Vallappil, and Hafiz Abdul Wajid, "A metamaterial-based double-sided bowtie antenna for intelligent transport system communications operating in public safety band," Crystals, Vol. 13, No. 2, 360, 2023.

65. Shishkin, Mikhail and Sergey Shabunin, "Design of a new antenna system for a meteorological radiosonde tracking radar," 2021 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT), 0198-0201, Yekaterinburg, Russia, May 2021.

Mr. Mikhail S. Shishkin