Vol. 137
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 150 [2024] PIERC 149 [2024] PIERC 148 [2024] PIERC 147 [2024] PIERC 146 [2024] PIERC 145 [2024] PIERC 144 [2024] PIERC 143 [2024] PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2023-08-25
Phase Difference Detection Method for Frequency Tracking in the WPT Systems Using ICST
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 137, 17-27, 2023
Abstract
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology can achieve non-contact transmission of electrical energy from the power grid or batteries to electrical equipment. To solve the problem of a significant decrease in output power caused by frequency detuning in a magnetic coupled resonant WPT system, it is necessary to dynamically adjust the operating frequency of the system. The frequency tracking control tuning using phase locked loop technology is currently the most commonly used method. A new method using incomplete cross S transform (ICST) for phase difference detection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the low-pass filter is used to eliminate the noise of the original signals, and the waveform of the original voltage signal is changed from pulsed square wave to sinusoidal wave. Then the signals output by the filter are sampled synchronously to obtain a series of discrete signal sequences, and the sampling frequency varies with the operating frequency and is determined by the PI controller. Finally, the phase vector is obtained by performing ICST on two channel discrete signal sequences, and the phase difference, which is provided for subsequent frequency tracking controller, between the primary voltage and the primary current, is extracted from the phase vector. The computational complexity of S transformation is greatly reduced by utilizing incomplete S transformation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by MATLAB simulation experiments. Several experiments were conducted separately. The accuracy, noise immunity, and real-time performance of this method are verified under different working conditions.
Citation
Jiliang Yi, Shunli Xie, and Zhongqi Li, "Phase Difference Detection Method for Frequency Tracking in the WPT Systems Using ICST," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 137, 17-27, 2023.
doi:10.2528/PIERC23052404
References

1. Kim, J., B. Clerckx, and P. D. Mitcheson, "Signal and system design for wireless power transfer: Prototype, experiment and validation," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 19, 7453-7469, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TWC.2020.3011606

2. Yang, L., Y. Shi, M. Wang, and L. Ren, "Constant voltage charging and maximum efficiency tracking for WPT systems employing dual-side control scheme," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 10, 945-955, 2022.
doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3102144

3. Darvish, P., S. Mekhilef, and H. A. Illias, "A Novel S-S-LCLCC compensation for three-coil WPT to improve misalignment and energy efficiency stiffness of wireless charging system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 36, 1341-1355, 2021.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2020.3007832

4. Shinohara, N., "Trends in wireless power transfer: WPT Technology for energy harvesting, mllimeter-wave/THz rectennas, MIMO-WPT, and advances in near-field WPT applications," IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 22, 46-59, 2021.
doi:10.1109/MMM.2020.3027935

5. Mahesh, A., B. Chokkalingam, and L. Mihet-Popa, "Inductive wireless power transfer charging for electric vehicles --- A review," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 137667-137713, 2021.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116678

6. Liu, Y., "Overview of the development and application of radio energy transmission technology," New Electrical Energy Technology, Vol. 42, No. 2, 48-67, 2023.

7. Li, Z., P. Kong, L. Ren, X. Xiong, J. Li, W. Wu, and H. Liu, "Leakage magnetic field calculation and optimization of double inverse series coil structure of electric vehicle wireless charging systems," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 96, 213-233, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERB22081707

8. Li, J., Z. Han, and C. Guo, "Novel subarray partition algorithm for solving the problem of too low beam collection efficiency caused by dividing a few subarrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 108, 223-235, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERM22011701

9. Zhang, X., "Frequency tracking control method for all digital radio energy transmission," Journal of Electrical Machinery and Control, Vol. 26, No. 2, 131-141, 2022.

10. Li, Z., W. Cheng, J. Yi, and J. Li, "Design and optimization of quasi-constant mutual inductance for asymmetric two-coil wireless power transfer system with lateral misalignments," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 69, 207-217, 2018.
doi:10.2528/PIERM18042503

11. Liu, Y., H. Feng, and X. Fan, "Adaptive fuzzy control for frequency tracking in magnetic coupled resonant radio energy transmission systems," Electronic Devices, Vol. 44, No. 6, 1385-1391, 2021.

12. Hou, F., "Design of enhanced digital phase locked loop for special operation equipment," Technological Innovation and Application, Vol. 13, No. 1, 112-115, 2023.

13. Khazraj, H., F. F. Da Silva, C. L. Bak, and S. Golestan, "Analysis and design of notch filter-based PLLs for grid-connected applications," Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 147, 62-69, 2017.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.02.009

14. Jayathurathnage, P. K., "Wireless power transfer based on novel physical concepts," Nature Electronics, Vol. 4, 707-716, 2021.

15. Liu, A., "Frequency composite control method for magnetic coupled resonant radio energy transmission systems," Journal of Electrical Machinery and Control, Vol. 24, No. 2, 63-71, 2020.

16. Gao, L., L. You, and X. Q. Wen, "Frequency tracking technology of magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer system," Science Technology and Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 8, 120, 2019.

17. Lee, C. K. and W. Zhong, "Effects of magnetic coupling of nonadjacent resonators on wireless power domino-resonator systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1905-1916, Apr. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2011.2169460

18. Zhang, Y. and Z. Yan, "A high-power wireless charging system using LCL-N topology to achieve a compact and low-cost receiver," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 131-137, May 2019.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2019.2914363

19. Wen, D., Y. Zou, Z. Li, and J. Yi, "Mixed-modulation method for adjusting frequency and voltage in the WPT systems with misalignments and load variations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 93, 111-129, 2021.
doi:10.2528/PIERB21060103

20. Xiao, F., L. Dong, L. Li, and X. Liao, "A frequency-fixed sogi-based PLL for single-phase grid connected converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 32, 1713-1719, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2016.2606623

21. Lee, C. K. and W. Zhong, "Effects of magnetic coupling of nonadjacent resonators on wireless power domino-resonator systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1905-1916, Apr. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2011.2169460

22. Zhang, Y. and Z. Yan, "A high-power wireless charging system using LCL-N topology to achieve a compact and low-cost receiver," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 131-137, May 2019.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2019.2914363

23. Stockwell, R. G., S-transform analysis of gravity wave activity from a small scale network of airglow imagers, The University of Western Ontario, London, 1999.

24. Yi, J., J. Peng, and H. Tan, "Detection method of power quality disturbances using incomplete S-transform," High Voltage Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 10, 2562-2567, 2009.

25. Khan, S. M. and C. Bailey, "Efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) and field containment through chiral ordering of a four-tier WPT system," IEEE USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Singapore, 2021.