volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

When an implantable medical device is in radio energy transmission, due to eddy current effect, the temperature of the device will rise, causing a safety risk. In order to study the distribution law of its temperature field, this paper adopts the analysis method of electromagnetic-thermal-fluid-solid multi-physics coupling, and establishes a two-dimensional transient equivalent model of an implantable medical device radio energy transmission system, adopting the analysis method of the electromagnetic-thermal-fluid-solid multi-field full coupling. Among these, electromagnetic heat is applied as the heat source, considering the influence of factors, such as heat conduction and convection. By means of simulated calculation, this paper acquired one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional images, whose temperature and efficiency changed with frequency Moreover, their distribution laws are also obtained. In order to verify the correctness of the simulation, this paper conducts infrared temperature measurement experiments to prove the rationality of the analysis through comparing the simulation results. The research findings of this paper can provide a basis for the design of radio energy transmission system for the implantable medical device, improve the safety of implantable medical devices, and reduce the occurrence of medical accidents. Meanwhile, it has certain reference value to the clinical application of implantable medical devices.

1. Lovik, R. D., J. P. S. Abraham, and E. M. Parrow, "Surrogate human tissue temperatures resulting from misalignment of antenna and implant during recharging of a neuromodulation device," Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, Vol. 14, 501-511, 2011.
doi:10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00396.x

2. Li, Q., S. Chen, W. Wang, H. Hao, and L. Li, "Optimization of magnetic coupling energy transfer in active implanted systems," J. Tsinghua Univ., Vol. 55, 351-355, 2015.

3. Chang, T. C., M. J. Weber, and M. L. Wang, "Design of tunable ultrasonic receivers for efficient powering of implantable medical devices with reconfigurable power loads," IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, Vol. 63, 1554-1562, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2606655

4. Xue, R. F., K. W. Cheng, and M. Je, "High-efficiency wireless power transfer for biomedical implants by optimal resonant load transformation," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, Vol. 60, 867-874, 2013.
doi:10.1109/TCSI.2012.2209297

5. Liu, C., C. Jiang, J. Song, et al. "An effective sandwiched wireless power transfer system for charging implantable cardiac pacemaker," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 66, No. 5, 4108-4117, 2019.
doi:10.1109/TIE.2018.2840522

6. Zhao, J., G. Xu, C. Zhang, et al. "Study on the influence of head-embedded coils on the electromagnetic radiation of human head in magnetically coupled resonant wireless energy transmission system," Chin. J. Biomed. Eng., Vol. 31, 649-654, 2015.

7. Gong, F., Z. Wei, and Y. Cong, "Research on the influence of electromagnetic resonance wireless energy transmission system antenna on the electromagnetic radiation safety of implantable medical equipment," Chin. J. Biomed Eng., Vol. 38, 497-501, 2016.

8. Manoufali, M. and A. Abbosh, "Specific absorption rate and temperature increase for a passive brain implantable medical device using transmission line analysis," 2017 IEEE (APMC), 570-572, 2017.

9. Mirbozorgi, S. A., P. Yeon, and M. Ghovanloo, "Robust wireless power transmission to mm-sized free-floating distributed implants," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3, 692-702, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2663358

10. Ma, J., Q. Yang, and H. Chen, "Transcutaneous energy and information transmission system with optimized transformer parameters for the artificial heart," IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., Vol. 20, 798-801, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TASC.2010.2043241

11. Ma, J., B. Liu, Y. Li, et al. "Temperature field of transcutaneous transformer for artificial heart," Journal of Hebei University of Technology, Vol. 43, 33-36, 2014.

12. Dissanayake, T. D., D. Budgett, P. Hu, et al. "Experimental thermal study of a TET system for implantable biomedical devices," 2008 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 113-116, IEEE, 2008.
doi:10.1109/BIOCAS.2008.4696887

13. Versaci, M., "Fuzzy approach and eddy currents NDT/NDE devices in industrial applications," Electronics Letters, Vol. 52, No. 11, 943-945, 2016.
doi:10.1049/el.2015.3409

14. Megali, G., D. Pellicano, M. Cacciola, S. Calcagno, M. Versaci, and F. C. Morabito, "EC modelling and enhancement signals in CFRP inspection," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 14, 45-60, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERM10072705

15. Harmouche, J., C. Delpha, D. Diallo, et al. "Statistical approach for nondestructive incipient crack detection and characterization using Kullback-Leibler divergence," IEEE Transactions on Reliability, Vol. 65, No. 3, 1360-1368, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TR.2016.2570549

16. Larsson, L. and A. Bostrom, "Integral equation method for evaluation of eddy-current impedance of a rectangular, near surface crack inside a cylindrical hol," Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 35, No. 2, 21-31, 2016.
doi:10.1007/s10921-016-0345-9

17. Le, M., J. Kim, S. Kim, et al. "Nondestructive evaluation algorithm of fatigue cracks and far-side corrosion around a rivet fastener in multi-layered structures," Journal of Mechanical Science & Technology, Vol. 30, No. 9, 4205-4215, 2016.
doi:10.1007/s12206-016-0833-y

18. Feng, Y., S. Huang, W. Zhang, et al. "An attempt to improve the braking capacities of eddy current retarder with double-rotor excitation structure," Electrical Machines and Systems, Busan, 703-707, 2013.

19. Wang, X. and D. Wang, "Calculation of eddy current loss and thermal analysis for adjustable permanent magnetic coupler," Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, 4405-4408, Harbin, 2011.
doi:10.1109/EMEIT.2011.6024012

20. Singh, A. K., "Model development of eddy current brakes for energy absorbing system," Recent Developments in Control, Automation and Power Engineering, 382-384, Noida, 2015.

21. Filho, R. F. P., A. O. Salazar, F. E. C. Souza, et al. "Analytical and experimental modeling and simulation of a magnetic braking system for pipeline oil applications," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 11, 8600404, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2328520

22. Jin, J. and J. Wang, Electromagnetic Field Finite Element Method, Xi’an University of Electronic Technology Press, 1998.

23. Zhang, Y., J. Ruan, T. Huang, et al. "Calculation of temperature rise in air-cooled induction motors through 3-D coupled electromagnetic fluid-dynamical and thermal finite-element analysis," IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 48, 1047-1050, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2011.2174433

24. Eteiba, M. B., M. M. A. Aziz, and J. H. Shazly, "Heat conduction problems in SF6 gas cooled-insulated power transformers solved by the finite-element method," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 23, 1457-1463, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2008.915793

25. Panton, R. L., Incompressible Flow, 4th Ed., Wiley, 2013.
doi:10.1002/9781118713075

26. Incropera, F. P., A. S. Lavine, T. L. Bergman, et al. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Wiley, 2007.

27. Xiao, C., K. Wei, D. Cheng, et al. "Wireless charging system considering eddy current in cardiac pacemaker shell: Theoretical modeling, experiments, and safety simulations," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 64, 3978-3988, 2016.

28. Chen, W., X. Huang, W. Sun, et al. "Influence of metal obstacles on magnetically coupled resonant radio energy transmission system," Journal of Electrotechnics, Vol. 29, 22-26, 2014.

29. Yang, Q., P. Zhang, L. Zhu, et al. "Key basic and technical bottlenecks of radio energy transmission technology," Journal of Electrotechnics, Vol. 30, 1-8, 2015.

30. Bian, Y., Y. Sun, X. Dai, et al. "Modeling and analysis of magnetic energy mode radio energy transmission system," Proc. Chin. Soc. Electrical Eng., Vol. 32, 155-160, 2012.

31. Gowrishankar, T. R., D. A. Stewart, G. T. Martin, et al. "Transport lattice models of heat transport in skin with spatially heterogeneous," Temperature-dependent Perfusion Biomed. Eng. Online, Vol. 3, 42, 2004.
doi:10.1186/1475-925X-3-42

Dr. Xiaoheng Yan

Dr. Fuyu Ling

Dr. Weihua Chen

Dr. Mingchen Cai