volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Curved trajectories of traditional navigation satellites limit their performance in bistatic radar imaging system. Instead of using common Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO)/Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites in motion, a new global navigation satellite system (GNSS) imaging system based on Beidou geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellites is presented to deal with this problem. The most prominent feature of GEO satellites is that they are stillrelative to the earth. This work includes three parts. First, a reasonable parallel assumption is provided to simplify the geometric topology of the imaging system, and the relevant path delay formula is deduced. Second, the principle of imaging based on multiple GEO satellites is proposed, and the simulation result is presented. Third, the entire signal processing, which uses a multi-correlator, is designed to improve the range resolution. Two imaging experiments targeting at the trees are described and conducted in Wuhan University to verify the imaging system. The first experiment is targeted at isolated trees, and the second experiment is focused on groves along the road. Conclusion can be obtained: the imaging result is highly consistent with the imaging area, which validates the feasibility of the method and confirms the potential use of GNSS imaging system in forest monitoring.

1. Anghel, A., R. Cacoveanu, A. S. Moldovan, A. A. Popescu, M. Datcu, and A. Serban, "Simplified bistatic SAR imaging with a fixed receiver and Terrasar-X as transmitter of opportunity --- First results," Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2016.

2. O’Hagan, D. W., H. D. Griffiths, S. M. Ummenhofer, and S. T. Paine, "Elevation pattern analysis of common passive bistatic radar illuminators of opportunity," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace & Electronic Systems, Vol. 53, No. 6, 3008-3019, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAES.2017.2724378

3. Kubica, V., X. Neyt, and H. Griffiths, "Along-track resolution enhancement for bistatic imaging in burst-mode operation," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace & Electronic Systems, Vol. 52, No. 4, 1568-1575, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAES.2016.140831

4. Nies, H., F. Behner, S. Reuter, S. Meckel, and O. Loffeld, "Radar imaging and tracking using geostationary communication satellite systems --- A project description," Proceedings of EUSAR 2016: European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2016.

5. Borisenkov, A. V., O. V. Goriachkin, V. N. Dolgopolov, and B. G. Zhengurov, "Bistatic SAR based on TV-signal," Proceedings of EUSAR 2014, European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2014.

6. Antoniou, M. and M. Cherniakov, "Experimental demonstration of passive GNSS-based SAR imaging modes," IET International Radar Conference 2013, 2013.

7. Antoniou, M., Z. Zeng, F. Liu, and M. Cherniakov, "Experimental demonstration of passive BSAR imaging using navigation satellites and a fixed receiver," IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 9, No. 3, 477-481, 2012.
doi:10.1109/LGRS.2011.2172571

8. Ma, H., M. Antoniou, and M. Cherniakov, "Passive GNSS-based SAR resolution improvement using joint Galileo E5 signals," IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 12, No. 8, 1640-1644, 2015.
doi:10.1109/LGRS.2015.2417594

9. Santi, F., M. Bucciarelli, D. Pastina, M. Antoniou, and M. Cherniakov, "Spatial resolution improvement in GNSS-based SAR using multistatic acquisitions and feature extraction," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Vol. 54, No. 10, 6217-6231, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2016.2583784

10. Saini, R., R. Zuo, and M. Cherniakov, "Problem of signal synchronisation in space-surface bistatic synthetic aperture radar based on global navigation satellite emissions --- Experimental results," IET Radar Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 4, No. 1, 110-125, 2010.
doi:10.1049/iet-rsn.2008.0121

11. Santi, F., M. Antoniou, and D. Pastina, "Point spread function analysis for GNSS-based multistatic SAR," IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 12, No. 2, 304-308, 2015.
doi:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2337054

12. Zhang, Q., M. Antoniou, W. Chang, and M. Cherniakov, "Spatial decorrelation in GNSS-based SAR coherent change detection," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Vol. 53, No. 1, 219-228, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2321145

13. Tzagkas, D., M. Antoniou, and M. Cherniakov, "Coherent change detection experiments with GNSS-based passive SAR," Radar Conference, 2017.

14. Zeng, H. C., P. B. Wang, J. Chen, W. Liu, L. L. Ge, and W. Yang, "A novel general imaging formation algorithm for GNSS-based bistatic SAR," Sensors (Basel), Vol. 16, No. 3, 294, 2016.
doi:10.3390/s16030294

15. Tian, W., T. Zhang, T. Zeng, C. Hu, and T. Long, "Space-surface BISAR based on GNSS signal: Synchronization, imaging and experiment result," Radar Conference, 2014.

16. Tian, W., T. Zhang, C. Hu, X. Yang, and T. Zeng, "Space-surface bistatic SAR using Beidou-2 as illuminator," IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, 2014.

17. Zeng, T., T. Zhang, W. Tian, and C. Hu, "Space-surface bistatic SAR image enhancement based on repeat-pass coherent fusion with Beidou-2/Compass-2 as illuminators," IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 13, No. 12, 1832-1836, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LGRS.2016.2614337

18. Fan, X., F. Liu, T. Zhang, T. Lu, C. Hu, and W. Tian, "Passive SAR with GNSS transmitters: Latest results and research progress," Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2017.

19. Usman, M. and D. W. Armitage, "A remote imaging system based on reflected GPS signals," International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies, 2006.

20. Antoniou, M. and M. Cherniakov, "GNSS-based bistatic SAR: A signal processing view," Eurasip Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol. 2013, No. 1, 1-16, 2013.
doi:10.1186/1687-6180-2013-98

21. Manandhar, D., R. Shibasaki, and H. Torimoto, "GPS reflected signal analysis using software receiver," Positioning, Vol. 5, No. 1&2, 29-34, 2006.
doi:10.5081/jgps.5.1.29

22. Richards, M. A., Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, 2005.

23. Usman, M. and D. W. Armitage, "Details of an imaging system based on reflected GPS signals and utilizing SAR techniques," Journal of Global Positioning Systems, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2009.
doi:10.5081/jgps.8.1.87

24. Zeng, T., T. Zhang, W. Tian, C. Hu, and X. Yang, "Bistatic SAR imaging processing and experiment results using Beidou-2/Compass-2 as illuminator of opportunity and a fixed receiver," Synthetic Aperture Radar, 302-305, 2015.

25. Zeng, T., D. Ao, C. Hu, T. Zhang, F. Liu, W. Tian, and K. Lin, "Multiangle BSAR imaging based on Beidou-2 navigation satellite system: Experiments and preliminary results," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Vol. 53, No. 10, 5760-5773, 2015.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2015.2430312

Dr. Songhua Yan

Dr. Hui Zhou

Dr. Jianya Gong