A compact (25×28×1.57 mm3) and wide-band multimode frequency tunable antenna with defected ground structure (FRDGS) for 4G and 5G conformal portable devices and multi-band wireless systems is presented in this article. In a previous study, frequency reconfigurable antenna designs only used the method of adding slots on the patch or ground. In this study, a combination of multiple slots, partial ground, and defective ground structure techniques were utilised to attain the advantages of compactness, wide impedance bandwidth, and steady radiation pattern. Multiple slots on the top layer of the substrate and F-shaped slot etched at the bottom makes the proposed antenna. Two PIN diodes are inserted in the F-shaped slot for frequency reconfiguration, allowing the antenna to switch between different resonances. Ansys high frequency structure simulator 15.0v is used to simulate the antenna parameters. This antenna performance is demonstrated using measured and simulated data. The simulated and measured results clearly show that the proposed antenna can switch between six dissimilar resonant frequency bands via various modes of operation across the frequency spectrum from 2.3 to 8.9 GHz. The antenna works in a variety of commercial bands, such as WLAN/Bluetooth (2.4-2.5 GHz), LTE/4G (2.3-2.7 GHz), S-band (2-4 GHz), Radio Navigation (2.7-2.9 GHz), and 5G/sub-6 (3.3-4.9 GHz), according to simulations and experiments. The proposed design features narrowband, wideband, and ultra-wideband properties with a consistent radiation pattern, adequate gain (1.6 to 5.8 dB), and high radiation efficiency (86 to 94%) in a small package. Furthermore, the performance comparison of the proposed antenna with that of the state-of-the-art antennas in terms of compactness, frequency reconfigurability, number of operating bands, and impedance bandwidth demonstrates the novelty of the proposed antenna and its potential application in multiple wireless applications.
2. Guo, Y. J., P.-Y. Qin, S. L. Chen, W. Lin, and R. W. Ziolkowski, "Advances in recon gurable antenna systems facilitated by innovative technologies," IEEE Access, Vol. 6, 5780-5794, 2018.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2789199
3. Khaleel, H., Innovation in Wearable and Flexible Antennas, Wit Press, Boston, MA, USA, 2014.
4. Awan, W. A., N. Hussain, and T. T. Le, "Ultra-thin exible fractal antenna for 2.45 GHz application with wideband harmonic rejection," AEU-Int. J. Electron Commun., Vol. 110, Oct. 2019, Art. no. 152851.
5., , Global update on 5G spectrum (2019). https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/ les/spectrum-for-4g-and-5g.pdf.
6. Mudda, S. and K. M. Gayathri, "Frequency recon gurable ultra-wide band MIMO antenna for 4G/5G portable devices applications: Review," International Journal on Emerging Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 486-490, 2020.
7. Li, Y., W. Li, and Q. Ye, "A recon gurable triple-notch-band antenna integrated with defected microstrip structure band-stop lter for ultra-wideband cognitive radio applications," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013.
8. Gheethan, A. E. and D. E. Anagnostou, "Broadband and dual-band coplanar folded-slot antennas (CFSAs) [Antenna designer's notebook]," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., Vol. 53, No. 1, 80-89, 2011.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2011.5773572
9. Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, 2005.
10. Mudda, S., K. M. Gayathri, and M. Mudda, "Compact high gain microstrip patch multi- band antenna for future generation portable devices communication," 2021 International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI), 471-476, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ESCI50559.2021.9396776.
doi:10.1109/ESCI50559.2021.9396776
11. Shynu, S. V., G. Augustin, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan, and K. Vasudevan, "A recon gurable dual frequency slot-loaded microstrip antenna controlled by PIN diodes," Microwave Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 44, 374-376, 2005.
12. Jin, G., C. Deng, J. Yang, Y. Xu, and S. Liao, "A new differentially-fed frequency recon gurable antenna for WLAN and sub-6 GHz 5G applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 56539-56546, 2019.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2901760
13. Khan, M. F., S. A. Shah, and S. Ullah, "Dual-band frequency recon gurable microstrip patch antenna on the wearable substrate for Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX applications," Technical Journal, Vol. 22, 35-40, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan, 2017.
14. Xin, G. L. and J. P. Xu, "Wideband miniature G-shaped antenna for dual-band WLAN applications," Electronics Letters, Vol. 43, No. 24, 1330-1332, Nov. 22, 2007.
doi:10.1049/el:20072520
15. Jin, G. P., D. L. Zhang, and R. L. Li, "Optically controlled recon gurable antenna for cognitive radio applications," Electronics Letters, Vol. 47, No. 17, 948-950, Aug. 18, 2011.
doi:10.1049/el.2011.1958
16. Rajagopalan, H., J. M. Kovitz, and Y. Rahmat Samii, "MEMS recon gurable optimized E-shaped patch antenna design for cognitive radio," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, No. 3, 1056-1064, 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2292531
17. Chaouche, Y. B., I. Messaoudene, I. Benmabrouk, M. Nedil, and F. Bouttout, "Compact coplanar waveguide-fed recon gurable fractal antenna for switchable multiband systems," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 13, 1-8, 2018.
18. Sathikbasha, M. J. and V. Nagarajan, "DGS based multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna for wireless applications," International Conference on Commun. and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 0908-0912, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICCSP.2019.8698093.
19. Abdulraheem, Y. I., G. A. Oguntala, A. S. Abdullah, H. J. Mohammed, R. A. Ali, R. A. Abd- Alhameed, and J. M. Noras, "Design offrequency recon gurable multiband compact antenna using two PIN diodes for WLAN/WiMAX applications," IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 11, 1098-1105, 2017.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2016.0814
20. Ali, T., M. M. Khaleeq, and R. C. Biradar, "A multiband recon gurable slot antenna for wireless applications," AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 84, 273-280, 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2017.11.033
21. Han, L., C.Wang, W. Zhang, R. Ma, and Q. Zeng, "Design of frequency- and pattern-recon gurable wideband slot antenna," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2018, Article ID 3678018, 7 pages, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3678018.
22. Ahmad, A., F. Arshad, S. I. Naqvi, Y. Amin, H. Tenhunen, and J. Loo, "Flexible and compact spiral-shaped frequency recon gurable antenna for wireless applications," IETE Journal of Research, 2018, doi: 10.1080/03772063.2018.1477629.
23. Shah, I. A., S. Hayat, A. Basir, M. Zada, S. A. A. Shah, and S. Ullah, "Design and analysis of a hexa-band frequency recon gurable antenna for wireless communication," International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.10.012.
24. Dildar, H., F. Althobiani, I. Ahmad, W. U. R. Khan, S. Ullah, N. Mufti, S. Ullah, F. Muhammad, M. Irfan, and A. Glowacz, "A design and experimental analysis of multiband frequency recon gurable antenna for 5G and sub-6 GHz wireless communication," Micromachines, Vol. 12, 32, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010032.
25. Khan, T. and M. U. Rahman, "Design of low-pro le frequency reconfigurable antenna for multiband applications," International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2021, doi: 10.1080/21681724.2020.1818836.
26. Ghaffar, A., X. J. Li, W. A. Awan, S. Iffat Naqvi, N. Hussain, B.-C. Seet, M. Alibakhshikenari, F. Falcone, and E. Limiti, "Design and realization of a frequency recon gurable multimode antenna for ISM, 5G-sub-6-GHz, and S-band applications," Appl. Sci., Vol. 11, 1635, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041635.
doi:10.3390/app11041635
27. Saikia, B., P. Dutta, and K. Borah, "Design of a frequency recon gurable microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications," Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computers & Management Skills (ICCM 2019), Arunachal Pradesh, India, Dec. 15{16, 2019.
28. Ulla, S., S. Hayat, A. Umar, A. Ali, and J. A. Flint, "Design, fabrication, and measurement of triple-band frequency recon gurable antennas for portable wireless communications," AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 81, 236-242, 2017.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2017.07.028
29. Iqbal, A., S. Ullah, U. Naeem, A. Basir, and U. Ali, "Design, fabrication, and measurement of a compact frequency recon gurable modi ed T-shape planar antenna for portable applications," J. Electr. Eng. Technol., Vol. 12, 1611-1618, 2017.
30. Ullah, S., I. Ahmad, Y. Raheem, S. Ullah, T. Ahmad, and U. Habib, "Hexagonal shaped CPW feed based frequency recon gurable antenna for WLAN and sub-6 GHz 5G applications," Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Smart Technologies (ICETST), Karachi, Pakistan, Mar. 26{27, 2020; IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020.
31. Shah, I. A., S. Hayat, I. Khan, I. Alam, S. Ullah, and A. Afridi, "A compact tri-band and 9-shape recon gurable antenna for WiFi WiMAX and WLAN applications," Int. J. Wirel. Microw. Technol. (IJWMT), Vol. 6, 45-53, 2016.
32. Ullah, S., A. Shaheen, B. A. Khan, and J. A. Flint, "A multi-band switchable antenna for Wi-Fi, 3G advanced, WiMAX, and WLAN wireless applications," Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol., Vol. 10, 991-997, 2018.
doi:10.1017/S1759078718000776
33. Shah, S. A., M. F. Khan, S. Ullah, A. Basir, U. Ali, and U. Naeem, "Design and measurement of planar monopole antennas for multiband wireless applications," IETE J. Res., Vol. 63, 194-204, 2017.
doi:10.1080/03772063.2016.1261049
34. Dildar, H., F. Althobiani, W. U. R. Ahmad Khan, S. Ullah, N. Mufti, S. Ullah, F. Muhammad, M. Irfan, and A. Glowacz, "Design and experimental analysis of multiband frequency recon gurable antenna for 5G and sub-6 GHz wireless communication," Micromachines, Vol. 12, 32, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010032.
Submit
