Search search
submit Submit
Publication Date
to
Vol. 179
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
All Journals
PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters
2024-02-05
Information-Theoretic Measures for Reconfigurable Metasurface-Enabled Direct Digital Modulation Systems: an Electromagnetic Perspective
By
Xuyang Bai,

    Dr. Xuyang Bai

    Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute

    Zhejiang University

    China

    Homepage

Shurun Tan,

    Professor Shurun Tan

    College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering

    Zhejiang University

    China

    Homepage

Said Mikki,

    Prof. Said Mikki

    ZJU-UIUI Institute

    China

    Homepage

Erping Li,

    Dr. Erping Li

    Department of Information Science and Electronic Engineering

    Zhejiang University

    China

    Homepage

Tie-Jun Cui

    Professor Tie-Jun Cui

    Department of Radio Engineering

    Southeast University

    China

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 179, 1-18, 2024
doi:10.2528/PIER23121401
Abstract
The fusion of electromagnetic (EM) waves and information theory in wireless and waveguide communication technologies has enjoyed a remarkable revival during the last few years. In particular, unlike traditional transceiver systems, the recently proposed information metasurface system directly links the controllable binary array sources with the scattered EM waves, making the combination of EM and information theories highly desirable and natural. Moreover, a traditional linear channel matrix cannot be directly used for such scattering reconfigurability enabled communication system, making the information characterization of such system a great challenge. In this paper, EM information characteristics of a direct digital modulation (DDM) system enabled by programmable information metasurface, also known as reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), are analyzed, in which RIS is used as a modulator of the illuminating field, while the scattered far-field amplitudes are measured and effectively treated as the received quantities. The posterior probability for a specific source coding pattern, conditioned over a given measured scattering fields, is obtained through the Bayesian analysis technique, from which the average mutual information (AMI) is obtained to estimate the RIS observation capability along any particular direction. The averaged receiver mutual information (ARMI) is then introduced to characterize the generated field correlation structures along different observation directions. Based on ARMI, the joint observation capability is also analyzed. Furthermore, the suggested techniques are employed in a noisy environment, and a code selection scheme is put forth to achieve efficient information transmission. The proposed configuration is validated through a simulated experiment. As a comprehensive evaluation of the system's performance, the channel capacity of the system is derived, and a set of relevant influencing factors are identified and analyzed from four different perspectives: 1) the observation direction, 2) the size of RIS, 3) potential joint observations in multiple directions, and 4) the noise level. The proposed method, together with the various related performance measure metrics introduced therein, are expected to provide the research community with guidelines for analyzing and designing the current and future RIS-based communication systems, which can also be extended to other aspects in the growing field of the EM information theory.
Citation
Xuyang Bai, Shurun Tan, Said Mikki, Erping Li, and Tie-Jun Cui, "Information-Theoretic Measures for Reconfigurable Metasurface-Enabled Direct Digital Modulation Systems: an Electromagnetic Perspective," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 179, 1-18, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIER23121401
References

1. Ishimaru, Akira, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Oxford University Press, 1997.

2. Lathi, Bhagwandas P. and Z. Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Oxford University Press, 2019.

3. Coskun, Vedat, Busra Ozdenizci, and Kerem Ok, "A survey on near field communication (nfc) technology," Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 71, 2259-2294, 2013.

4. Franceschetti, Massimo, Marco Donald Migliore, Paolo Minero, and Fulvio Schettino, "The information carried by scattered waves: near-field and nonasymptotic regimes," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 7, 3144-3157, 2015.

5. Chandra, Kishor, R. Venkatesha Prasad, and Ignas Niemegeers, "An architectural framework for 5G indoor communications," 2015 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 1144-1149, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2015.

6. Lai, Hau Wah, Kwai-Man Luk, and Kwok Wa Leung, "Dense dielectric patch antenna --- a new kind of low-profile antenna element for wireless communications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, No. 8, 4239-4245, Aug. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2013.2260122

7. Mikki, Said M. and Yahia Antar, "Unifying electromagnetic and communication theories: A proposal for a new research program," 2016 URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory (EMTS), 435-438, 2016.

8. Migliore, Marco Donald, Daniele Pinchera, Mario Lucido, Fulvio Schettino, and Gaetano Panariello, "An electromagnetic analysis of noise-based intrinsically secure communication in wireless systems," Electronics, Vol. 7, No. 7, 113, 2018.

9. Mikki, Said and Yahia Antar, New Foundations For Applied Electromagnetics: The Spatial Structure of Electromagnetic Fields, Artech House, 2016.

10. Tulino, Antonia Maria, Angel Lozano, and S. Verdu, "Impact of antenna correlation on the capacity of multiantenna channels," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 51, No. 7, 2491-2509, 2005.

11. Gruber, Fred K. and Edwin A. Marengo, "New aspects of electromagnetic information theory for wireless and antenna systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, No. 11, 3470-3484, 2008.

12. Zhang, Zijian and Linglong Dai, "Continuous-aperture MIMO for electromagnetic information theory," Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:2111.08630, 2021.

13. Miller, David A. B., "Waves, modes, communications, and optics: A tutorial," Advances in Optics and Photonics, Vol. 11, No. 3, 679-825, 2019.

14. Mikki, Said and Ahmed Hanoon, "Spectral efficiency enhancement using an antenna-based orthogonal frequency division multiaccess technique," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-aided Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 11, e22404, 2020.

15. Tse, David and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

16. Geyi, Wen, "Capacity of transmitting antenna," 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 4052-4055, 2007.

17. Kim, Young-Dam, Sung-Jun Yang, Yun-Su Kang, In-June Hwang, and Jong-Won Yu, "Mutual admittance of two arbitrary antennas in nonplanar skew positions based on infinitesimal dipole modeling," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 67, No. 11, 6705-6713, Nov. 2019.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2019.2925122

18. Mikki, Said M. and Yahia M. M. Antar, "The antenna current Green's function as an alternative method to conventional full-wave analysis solvers: An outline," 2015 IEEE Mtt-s International Conference on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), 1-3, 2015.

19. Mikki, Said, "The antenna spacetime system theory of wireless communications," Proceedings of The Royal Society A, Vol. 475, No. 2224, 20180699, Apr. 2019.

20. Wan, Z., Jieao Zhu, Zijian Zhang, and Linglong Dai, "Capacity for electromagnetic information theory," Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:2111.00496, 2021.

21. Martini, Anna, Andrea Massa, and Massimo Franceschetti, "Physical limits to the capacity of wide-band gaussian MIMO channels," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 8, No. 7, 3396-3400, 2009.

22. Yuan, Shuai S. A., Zi He, Xiaoming Chen, Chongwen Huang, and Wei E. I. Sha, "Electromagnetic effective degree of freedom of an MIMO system in free space," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 21, No. 3, 446-450, 2022.

23. Chiurtu, Nicolae and Bixio Rimoldi, "Varying the antenna locations to optimize the capacity of multi-antenna gaussian channels," 2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No. 00ch37100), Vol. 5, 3121-3123, 2000.

24. Sarkar, Debdeep, Said Mikki, and Yahia Antar, "Fast and efficient estimation of spatial correlation characteristics of co-located dual-polarized massive MIMO arrays in 5G base stations," 2019 Teqip III Sponsored International Conference on Microwave Integrated Circuits, Photonics and Wireless Networks (IMICPW), 159-162, 2019.

25. Di Renzo, Marco, Konstantinos Ntontin, Jian Song, Fadil H. Danufane, Xuewen Qian, Fotis Lazarakis, Julien De Rosny, Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy, Osvaldo Simeone, Rui Zhang, et al. "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces vs. relaying: differences, similarities, and performance comparison," IEEE Open Journal of The Communications Society, Vol. 1, 798-807, 2020.

26. Garcia, Juan Carlos Bucheli, Alain Sibille, and Mohamed Kamoun, "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: bridging the gap between scattering and reflection," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2538-2547, 2020.

27. Yoo, Insang, Mohammadreza F. Imani, Timothy Sleasman, Henry D. Pfister, and David R. Smith, "Enhancing capacity of spatial multiplexing systems using reconfigurable cavity-backed metasurface antennas in clustered MIMO channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 67, No. 2, 1070-1084, 2019.

28. Liaskos, Christos, Shuai Nie, Ageliki Tsioliaridou, Andreas Pitsillides, Sotiris Ioannidis, and Ian Akyildiz, "A new wireless communication paradigm through software-controlled metasurfaces," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 56, No. 9, 162-169, 2018.

29. Ushikoshi, D., M. Tanikawa, K. Asano, K. Sanji, M. Ikeda, D. Anzai, and H. Wakatsuchi, "Experimental demonstration of waveform-selective metasurface varying wireless communication characteristics at the same frequency band of 2.4 GHz," Electronics Letters, Vol. 56, No. 3, 160-162, 2020.

30. Sarkar, Debdeep, Said Mikki, and Yahia M. M. Antar, "Engineering the eigenspace structure of massive MIMO links through frequency-selective surfaces," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 18, No. 12, 2701-2705, 2019.

31. Renzo, Marco Di, Alessio Zappone, Merouane Debbah, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, Chau Yuen, Julien de Rosny, and Sergei Tretyakov, "Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: How it works, state of research, and the road ahead," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2450–2525, 2020.

32. Atapattu, Saman, Rongfei Fan, Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa, Gongpu Wang, Jamie Evans, and Theodoros A. Tsiftsis, "Reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted two–way communications: performance analysis and optimization," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 68, No. 10, 6552-6567, 2020.

33. Cui, T. J., M. Q. Qi, X. Wan, J. Zhao, and Q. Cheng, "Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 3, No. 10, e218, 2014.

34. Cui, Tie Jun, "Microwave metamaterials," National Science Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 134-136, 2018.

35. Shuang, Ya, Hanting Zhao, Menglin Wei, Qiang Cheng, Shi Jin, Tiejun Cui, Philipp Del Hougne, and Lianlin Li, "One-bit quantization is good for programmable coding metasurfaces," Science China Information Sciences, Vol. 65, No. 7, 172301, 2022.

36. Cui, Tie Jun, Shuo Liu, Guo Dong Bai, and Qian Ma, "Direct transmission of digital message via programmable coding metasurface," Research, Vol. 2019, 2019.

37. Zhang, Lei, Ming Zheng Chen, Wankai Tang, Jun Yan Dai, Long Miao, Xiao Yang Zhou, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "A wireless communication scheme based on space-and frequency-division multiplexing using digital metasurfaces," Nature Electronics, Vol. 4, No. 3, 218-227, 2021.

38. Zhao, Jie, Xi Yang, Jun Yan Dai, Qiang Cheng, Xiang Li, Ning Hua Qi, Jun Chen Ke, Guo Dong Bai, Shuo Liu, Shi Jin, et al. "Programmable time-domain digital-coding metasurface for non-linear harmonic manipulation and new wireless communication systems," National Science Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, 231-238, 2019.

39. Dai, Jun Yan, Wan Kai Tang, Jie Zhao, Xiang Li, Qiang Cheng, Jun Chen Ke, Ming Zheng Chen, Shi Jin, and Tie Jun Cui, "Wireless communications through a simplified architecture based on time-domain digital coding metasurface," Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 4, No. 7, 1900044, 2019.

40. Dai, Jun Yan, Wankai Tang, Liu Xi Yang, Xiang Li, Ming Zheng Chen, Jun Chen Ke, Qiang Cheng, Shi Jin, and Tie Jun Cui, "Realization of multi-modulation schemes for wireless communication by time-domain digital coding metasurface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 3, 1618-1627, 2019.

41. Tang, Wankai, Jun Yan Dai, Ming Zheng Chen, Kai-Kit Wong, Xiao Li, Xinsheng Zhao, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "MIMO transmission through reconfigurable intelligent surface: system design, analysis, and implementation," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2683-2699, 2020.

42. Tang, Wankai, Ming Zheng Chen, Jun Yan Dai, Yong Zeng, Xinsheng Zhao, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "Wireless communications with programmable metasurface: new paradigms, opportunities, and challenges on transceiver design," IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 27, No. 2, 180-187, 2020.

43. Liaskos, Christos, Shuai Nie, Ageliki Tsioliaridou, Andreas Pitsillides, Sotiris Ioannidis, and Ian Akyildiz, "A new wireless communication paradigm through software-controlled metasurfaces," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 56, No. 9, 162-169, 2018.

44. Cui, Tie-Jun, Shuo Liu, and Lian-Lin Li, "Information entropy of coding metasurface," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 5, No. 11, e16172, 2016.

45. Wu, Haotian, Guo Dong Bai, Shuo Liu, Lianlin Li, Xiang Wan, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "Information theory of metasurfaces," National Science Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, 561-571, 2020.

46. Wu, Haotian, Xin Xin Gao, Lei Zhang, Guo Dong Bai, Qiang Cheng, Lianlin Li, and Tie Jun Cui, "Harmonic information transitions of spatiotemporal metasurfaces," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, 198, 2020.

47. Shao, Rui Wen, Jun Wei Wu, Zheng Xing Wang, Hui Xu, Han Qing Yang, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "Macroscopic model and statistical model to characterize electromagnetic information of digital coding metasurface," National Science Review, nwad299, 2023.

48. Larsson, Erik G., Ove Edfors, Fredrik Tufvesson, and Thomas L. Marzetta, "Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 2, 186-195, 2014.

49. Shlezinger, Nir, Or Dicker, Yonina C. Eldar, Insang Yoo, Mohammadreza F. Imani, and David R. Smith, "Dynamic metasurface antennas for uplink massive MIMO systems," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 67, No. 10, 6829-6843, 2019.

50. Dai, Jun Yan, Wankai Tang, Ming Zheng Chen, Chi Hou Chan, Qiang Cheng, Shi Jin, and Tie Jun Cui, "Wireless communication based on information metasurfaces," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 69, No. 3, 1493-1510, 2021.

51. Shannon, Claude Elwood, "A mathematical theory of communication," Acm Sigmobile Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, 3-55, 2001.

52. Li, H., B.-Z. Wang, L. Guo, W. Shaoand, and P. Du, "A far field pattern analysis technique for reflectarrays including mutual coupling between elements," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 1, 87-95, 2009.

53. Wang, Ke, Jie Zhao, Qiang Cheng, Di Sha Dong, and Tie Jun Cui, "Broadband and broad-angle low-scattering metasurface based on hybrid optimization algorithm," Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, No. 1, 5935, 2014.

54. Neder, Verena, Younes Ra’di, Andrea Alù, and Albert Polman, "Combined metagratings for efficient broad-angle scattering metasurface," ACS Photonics, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1010–1017, 2019.

55. Tian, Tao, Xianjun Huang, Yanlin Xu, Peiguo Liu, Chenxi Liu, Ning Hu, Jihong Zhang, and Zhaofeng Wu, "A wideband energy selective surface with quasi-elliptic bandpass response and high-power microwave shielding," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2023.

56. Van Bladel, Jean G., Electromagnetic Fields, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

57. Wan, Xiang, Mei Qing Qi, Tian Yi Chen, and Tie Jun Cui, "Field-programmable beam reconfiguring based on digitally-controlled coding metasurface," Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 1, 20663, 2016.

58. Yang, Huanhuan, Xiangyu Cao, Fan Yang, Jun Gao, Shenheng Xu, Maokun Li, Xibi Chen, Yi Zhao, Yuejun Zheng, and Sijia Li, "A programmable metasurface with dynamic polarization, scattering and focusing control," Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 1, 35692, 2016.

59. Feller, William, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume 2, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

60. Kullback, Solomon, Information Theory and Statistics, Courier Corporation, 1997.

61. Blahut, Richard, "Computation of channel capacity and rate-distortion functions," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 18, No. 4, 460-473, 1972.

62. Sarkar, Debdeep, Said Mikki, and Yahia Antar, "An electromagnetic framework for the deployment of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces to control massive MIMO channel characteristics," 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 1-4, 2020.

Download Full Article (1037) View Full Article volume
The EM Academy piers.org jpier.org Who's Who in EM
Copyright © 2022 The Electromagnetics Academy. All Rights Reserved.