A new method for obtaining an orthogonal system of eigenwaves of an open cylindrical waveguide filled with a gyrotropic medium and located in free space is presented. The advantage of the method is that it enables one to explicitly represent the fields of eigenwaves, which correspond to the discrete and continuous parts of the eigenvalue spectrum of such a guiding structure. Orthogonality relations for the eigenwaves and the procedure of expanding an electromagnetic field in terms of these modal solutions are discussed. The limiting transition from the case of a closed cylindrical waveguide with a perfectly conducting wall and a coaxial cylindrical gyrotropic core to the case of an open waveguide is considered. To illustrate the completeness of the obtained system of eigenwaves, a given field is expanded in terms of the found discrete- and continuous-spectrum waves and then resynthesized by evaluating the corresponding expansion numerically. Perfect coincidence between the initially specified field and the result yielded by this evaluation is demonstrated.
The aim of this paper is to prove that the power generated by a wearable textile patch antenna experiences reduced absorption in the phantom when the antenna ground-plane is increased. First, the dedicated human torso-equivalent phantom and two antennas were fabricated, which are multi-layered, with orientation normal to the body and made of the same materials. One of the antennas has a double in size ground-plane with regards to the other antenna, while the rest of their dimensions are identical. According to the proposed measurement procedure, once the radiation efficiencies of both antennas are measured in free space and with the phantom, the total absorption coefficient and the phantom losses are evaluated. The comparison of the measurement results proves that the increased ground-plane reduces the absorption on the phantom body of the antenna EM power (by 30.5%). Simulations and measurements were found in good agreement, with maximum deviation between the two up to 6% in terms of radiated efficiency. Hence, the proposed experimental evaluation of the impact of the ground-plane size of a wearable textile patch antenna on the reduction of the power absorbed by the user's body can be considered as a simple, reliable and cost-effective measurement method.
In this research project, the hardware implementation of a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) will be carried out by using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL). Since FFT serves as the core for the Range Doppler Algorithm (RDA) in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing, it is of paramount importance to evaluate the algorithm and its computational complexity for the design of an efficient FFT hardware architecture. The design process and Verilog hardware description language which is used to describe and model a digital FPGA-based SAR processor will be introduced. Detailed explanation of the hardware implementation for FFT and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) in SAR processing are thus presented. The performance evaluations of the proposed processors including the comparison of the proposed processor with MATLAB-based processor, timing considerations of the processor, and lastly the hardware resources usage considerations are delivered at the end of this paper.
In this article, we present a compact and efficient diametrically-fed dual port fractal UWB MIMO antenna for portable handheld wireless devices. The electromagnetic behaviour on conducting body is analyzed through classical approach based characteristics mode analysis (CMA). Their intrinsic characteristics are explored on the basis of (a) modal surface current distributions, (b) narrow/broad bandwidth capability and (c) radiation potentials. Concurrent analysis is persuaded on diametrically-fed dual port fed fractal conducting surface, that provides interesting facets on the combinatory effect of electromagnetic performance and physical behaviour on metallic radiator, metallic ground planes (unconnected/connected) and combination of two aforementioned metallic compact geometries. Theoretical insights are investigated for essential/non-essential modes existing in proposed geometry. The investigation through CMA also gives plethoric information on the feed location of antenna on modal surface currents and similar trends to capture its radiation potentials on the current nulls existing in the physical body. A broad classification of modes is explained, covering the CMA modal dynamics such as (a) characteristics angle (CA), (b) eigen values (EV) and (c) modal significance (MS). These additive parameters in general reflect the resemblance of Q-factor≈B.W. for narrowband/wideband traits, electrically/magnetically coupled energy behaviour and radiative potential for far-field propagation. Thus, in a nut-shell, it can be inferred that `CMA provides physically intuitive guidance for the analysis and designing of antenna structures'. To support the findings highlighted in this particular study, a concise review about the theory of characteristic modes and the practical examples that use such concepts are taken into consideration.
The capacitance matrix relates potentials and charges on a system of conductors. We review and rigorously generalize its properties, block-diagonal structure and inequalities, deduced from the geometry of system of conductors and analytic properties of the permittivity tensor. Furthermore, we discuss alternative choices of regularization of the capacitance matrix, which allow us to find the charge exchanged between the conductors having been brought to an equal potential. Finally, we discuss the tacit approximations used in standard treatments of the electric circuits, demonstrating how the formulae for the capacitance of capacitors connected in parallel and series may be recovered from the capacitance matrix.
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