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PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters
2024-11-15
New Bounds on Spherical Antenna Bandwidth and Directivity: Updates to the Chu-Harrington Limits
By
Carl Pfeiffer,

    Dr. Carl Pfeiffer

    Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

    USA

    Homepage

Bae-Ian Wu

    Dr. Bae-Ian Wu

    Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

    USA

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 180, 61-78, 2024
doi:10.2528/PIER24082205
Abstract
The Chu circuit model provides the basis for analyzing the minimum radiation quality factor, Q, of a given spherical mode. However, examples of electrically large spherical radiators readily demonstrate that this Q limit has limitations in predicting bandwidth. Spherical mode radiation is reexamined, and an equivalent 1D transmission line model is derived that exactly models the fields. This model leads to a precise cutoff frequency of the spherical waveguide, which provides a clear boundary between propagating and evanescent fields. A new delineation of `stored' and `radiated' electromagnetic energy is postulated, which leads to a new definition of spherical mode Q. Next, attention is turned to the Harrington bound on the directivity-bandwidth tradeoff of an antenna with an arbitrary size. Harrington derived the maximum directivity for a specified number of spherical harmonics such that the Q is not `large'. Here, the method of Lagrange multipliers is used to quantify the maximum directivity for a given bandwidth. It is shown that optimally exciting all spherical harmonics (including n>ka) enables both larger directivity and bandwidth than Harrington's previous limit. While Chu and Harrington's analyses are generally good approximations for most situations, the new self-consistent theory that defines fundamental antenna limits leads to updated results.
Citation
Carl Pfeiffer, and Bae-Ian Wu, "New Bounds on Spherical Antenna Bandwidth and Directivity: Updates to the Chu-Harrington Limits," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 180, 61-78, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIER24082205
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