Vol. 105
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 109 [2024] PIERB 108 [2024] PIERB 107 [2024] PIERB 106 [2024] PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2024-03-29
Recent Advances in Parity-Time Symmetry-Enabled Electromagnetic Sensors
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 105, 107-121, 2024
Abstract
Parity-time (PT) reversal symmetry, as a representative example in the field of non-Hermitian physics, has attracted widespread research interest in the past few years due to its extraordinary wave dynamics. PT-symmetry enables unique spectral singularities, including the exceptional point (EP) degeneracy where two or more eigenvalues and eigenvectors coalesce, as well as the coherent perfect absorber-laser (CPAL) point where laser and its time-reversal counterpart (i.e., coherent perfect absorber) can coexist at the same frequency. These singular points not only give rise to new physical phenomena, but also provide new plausibility for building the next-generation sensors and detectors with unprecedented sensitivity. To date, investigations into EPs and CPAL points have unveiled their great potential in various sensing scenarios across a broad spectral range, spanning optics, photonics, electronics, and acoustics. In this review article, we will discuss on going developments of EP- and CPAL-based sensors composed of PT-synthetic structures and offer a glimpse into the future research directions in this emerging field.
Citation
Minye Yang, Zhilu Ye, Pai-Yen Chen, and Danilo Erricolo, "Recent Advances in Parity-Time Symmetry-Enabled Electromagnetic Sensors," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 105, 107-121, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERB23120101
References

1. Rana, Manju and Vikas Mittal, "Wearable sensors for real-time kinematics analysis in sports: A review," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1187-1207, Jan. 2021.
doi:10.1109/JSEN.2020.3019016

2. Fleming, William J., "New automotive sensors --- A review," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 8, No. 11, 1900-1921, Nov. 2008.
doi:10.1109/JSEN.2008.2006452

3. Fleming, William J., "Overview of automotive sensors," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 1, No. 4, 296-308, Dec. 2001.
doi:10.1109/7361.983469

4. Nazemi, Haleh, Aashish Joseph, Jaewoo Park, and Arezoo Emadi, "Advanced micro-and nano-gas sensor technology: A review," Sensors, Vol. 19, No. 6, 1285, Mar. 2019.
doi:10.3390/s19061285

5. Majhi, Sanjit Manohar, Ali Mirzaei, Hyoun Woo Kim, Sang Sub Kim, and Tae Whan Kim, "Recent advances in energy-saving chemiresistive gas sensors: A review," Nano Energy, Vol. 79, 105369, Jan. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105369

6. Yamazoe, N., "Toward innovations of gas sensor technology," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 108, No. 1-2, 2-14, Jul. 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.snb.2004.12.075

7. Parrilla, Marc, Maria Cuartero, and Gaston A. Crespo, "Wearable potentiometric ion sensors," TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 110, 303-320, Jan. 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.024

8. Zhang, Ya-Nan, Yang Sun, Lu Cai, Yiping Gao, and Yi Cai, "Optical fiber sensors for measurement of heavy metal ion concentration: A review," Measurement, Vol. 158, 107742, Jul. 2020.
doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107742

9. Gershenfeld, N., R. Krikorian, and D. Cohen, "The internet of things," Scientific American, Vol. 291, No. 4, 76-81, Oct. 2004.
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1004-76

10. Holler, Jan, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stamatis Karnouskos, Stefan Avesand, and David Boyle, Internet of Things, Academic Press, 2014.

11. Kocakulak, Mustafa and Ismail Butun, "An overview of wireless sensor networks towards internet of things," 2017 IEEE 7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA, Jan. 2017.

12. Khalil, Nacer, Mohamed Riduan Abid, Driss Benhaddou, and Michael Gerndt, "Wireless sensors networks for internet of things," 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), Singapore, Apr. 2014.

13. Ko, JeongGil, Chenyang Lu, Mani B. Srivastava, John A. Stankovic, Andreas Terzis, and Matt Welsh, "Wireless sensor networks for healthcare," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 98, No. 11, 1947-1960, Nov. 2010.
doi:10.1109/JPROC.2010.2065210

14. Yao, Shanshan, Puchakayala Swetha, and Yong Zhu, "Nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors for healthcare," Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1700889, Jan. 2018.
doi:10.1002/adhm.201700889

15. Ye, Zhilu, Yun Ling, Minye Yang, Yadong Xu, Liang Zhu, Zheng Yan, and Pai-Yen Chen, "A breathable, reusable, and zero-power smart face mask for wireless cough and mask-wearing monitoring," ACS Nano, Vol. 16, No. 4, 5874-5884, Mar. 2022.
doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c11041

16. Ho, C. K., A. Robinson, D. R. Miller, and M. J. Davis, "Overview of sensors and needs for environmental monitoring," Sensors, Vol. 5, No. 1, 4-37, 2005.
doi:10.3390/s5010004

17. Hanrahan, G., D. G. Patil, and J. Wang, "Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring: Design, development and applications," Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 6, No. 8, 657-664, 2004.
doi:10.1039/b403975k

18. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Chia-Heng Sun, Liang Zhu, Mehdi Hajizadegan, and Pai-Yen Chen, "A lightweight, zero-power intermodulation sensor based on the graphene oscillator," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, 3243-3250, Feb. 2023.
doi:10.1109/JSEN.2022.3227891

19. Wang, Zhangu, Jun Zhan, Chunguang Duan, Xin Guan, Pingping Lu, and Kai Yang, "A review of vehicle detection techniques for intelligent vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, Vol. 34, No. 8, 3811-3831, Aug. 2023.
doi:10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3128968

20. Li, Li and Fei-Yue Wang, Advanced Motion Control and Sensing for Intelligent Vehicles, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.

21. Kuswandi, Bambang, Yudi Wicaksono, Jayus, Aminah Abdullah, Lee Yook Heng, and Musa Ahmad, "Smart packaging: Sensors for monitoring of food quality and safety," Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety, Vol. 5, 137-146, 2011.

22. Loutfi, Amy, Silvia Coradeschi, Ganesh Kumar Mani, Prabakaran Shankar, and John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, "Electronic noses for food quality: A review," Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 144, 103-111, Jan. 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.07.019

23. Sun, Hongyan, Chen Ye, Gang Zhao, Huan Zhang, Zhiduo Liu, Wen Dai, Junjie Wang, Fakhr E. Alam, Qingwei Yan, Xinming Li, Jian Xu, Chin-Yin Chen, Pei Zhao, Jichun Ye, Nan Jiang, Ding Chen, Sudong Wu, Jing Kong, and Cheng-Te Lin, "Ultrasensitive micro/nanocrack-based graphene nanowall strain sensors derived from the substrate's Poisson's ratio effect," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, No. 20, 10310-10317, May 2020.
doi:10.1039/d0ta02878a

24. Jung, Jinwook, Kyun Kyu Kim, Young. D. Suh, Sukjoon Hong, Junyeob Yeo, and Seung Hwan Ko, "Recent progress in controlled nano/micro cracking as an alternative nano-patterning method for functional applications," Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, No. 7, 1036-1049, Jul. 2020.
doi:10.1039/d0nh00241k

25. Cao, Wenming, Qifan Liu, and Zhiquan He, "Review of pavement defect detection methods," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 14531-14544, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966881

26. Kerski, J., P. Lochner, A. Ludwig, A. D. Wieck, A. Kurzmann, A. Lorke, and M. Geller, "Quantum sensor for nanoscale defect characterization," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 15, No. 2, 024029, Feb. 2021.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.024029

27. Burns, Andrew, Prabuddha Sengupta, Tara Zedayko, Barbara Baird, and Ulrich Wiesner, "Core/shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles for chemical sensing: Towards single-particle laboratories," Small, Vol. 2, No. 6, 723-726, 2006.

28. Wiersig, Jan, "Distance between exceptional points and diabolic points and its implication for the response strength of non-Hermitian systems," Physical Review Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, 033179, Sep. 2022.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.033179

29. Berry, Michael Victor and Mark Wilkinson, "Diabolical points in the spectra of triangles," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Vol. 392, No. 1802, 15-43, 1984.
doi:10.1098/rspa.1984.0022

30. Ashida, Yuto, Zongping Gong, and Masahito Ueda, "Non-hermitian physics," Advances in Physics, Vol. 69, No. 3, 249-435, 2020.
doi:10.1080/00018732.2021.1876991

31. Moiseyev, Nimrod, Non-Hermitian Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

32. Bender, Carl M., "Making sense of non-hermitian hamiltonians," Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 70, No. 6, 947, 2007.

33. Bender, Carl M., Stefan Boettcher, and Peter N. Meisinger, "PT-symmetric quantum mechanics," Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2201-2229, 1999.

34. El-Ganainy, Ramy, Konstantinos G. Makris, Mercedeh Khajavikhan, Ziad H. Musslimani, Stefan Rotter, and Demetrios N. Christodoulides, "Non-Hermitian physics and PT symmetry," Nature Physics, Vol. 14, No. 1, 11-19, 2018.

35. Schindler, Joseph, Zin Lin, J. M. Lee, Hamidreza Ramezani, Fred M. Ellis, and Tsampikos Kottos, "PT-symmetric electronics," Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Vol. 45, No. 44, 444029, 2012.

36. Bender, Carl M. and Stefan Boettcher, "Real spectra in non-Hermitian Hamiltonians having PT symmetry," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 80, No. 24, 5243, 1998.

37. Bender, C. M., M. V. Berry, and A. Mandilara, "Generalized PT symmetry and real spectra," Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, Vol. 35, No. 31, L467, 2002.
doi:10.1088/0305-4470/35/31/101

38. Heiss, W. D., "Exceptional points of non-hermitian operators," Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2455-2464, 2004.
doi:10.1088/0305-4470/37/6/034

39. Stehmann, T., W. D. Heiss, and F. G. Scholtz, "Observation of exceptional points in electronic circuits," Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, Vol. 37, No. 31, 7813, 2004.
doi:10.1088/0305-4470/37/31/012

40. Rüter, Christian E., Konstantinos G. Makris, Ramy El-Ganainy, Demetrios N. Christodoulides, Mordechai Segev, and Detlef Kip, "Observation of parity-time symmetry in optics," Nature Physics, Vol. 6, No. 3, 192-195, 2010.
doi:10.1038/NPHYS1515

41. Longhi, Stefano, "PT-symmetric laser absorber," Physical Review A, Vol. 82, No. 3, 031801, Sep. 2010.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.82.031801

42. Wong, Zi Jing, Ye-Long Xu, Jeongmin Kim, Kevin O'Brien, Yuan Wang, Liang Feng, and Xiang Zhang, "Lasing and anti-lasing in a single cavity," Nature Photonics, Vol. 10, No. 12, 796-801, Dec. 2016.
doi:10.1038/NPHOTON.2016.216

43. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Enhanced radio-frequency sensors based on a self-dual emitter-absorber," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 15, No. 1, 014026, Jan. 2021.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.014026

44. Dembowski, C., B. Dietz, H. D. Gräf, H. L. Harney, A. Heine, W. D. Heiss, and A. Richter, "Encircling an exceptional point," Physical Review E, Vol. 69, No. 5, 056216, May 2004.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.69.056216

45. Miri, Mohammad-Ali and Andrea Alù, "Exceptional points in optics and photonics," Science, Vol. 363, No. 6422, eaar7709, Jan. 2019.
doi:10.1126/science.aar7709

46. Heiss, W. D., "The physics of exceptional points," Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Vol. 45, No. 44, 444016, 2012.
doi:10.1088/1751-8113/45/44/444016

47. Özdemir, S. K., S. Rotter, F. Nori, and L. Yang, "Parity-time symmetry and exceptional points in photonics," Nature Materials, Vol. 18, No. 8, 783-798, 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0304-9

48. Feng, Liang, Ye-Long Xu, William S. Fegadolli, Ming-Hui Lu, Jose E. B. Oliveira, Vilson R. Almeida, Yan-Feng Chen, and Axel Scherer, "Experimental demonstration of a unidirectional reflectionless parity-time metamaterial at optical frequencies," Nature Materials, Vol. 12, No. 2, 108-113, Feb. 2013.
doi:10.1038/NMAT3495

49. Huang, Yin, Yuecheng Shen, Changjun Min, Shanhui Fan, and Georgios Veronis, "Unidirectional reflectionless light propagation at exceptional points," Nanophotonics, Vol. 6, No. 5, 977-996, Sep. 2017.
doi:10.1515/nanoph-2017-0019

50. Huang, Yin, Georgios Veronis, and Changjun Min, "Unidirectional reflectionless propagation in plasmonic waveguide-cavity systems at exceptional points," Optics Express, Vol. 23, No. 23, 29882-29895, Nov. 2015.
doi:10.1364/OE.23.029882

51. Zhang, Boqing, Nuo Chen, Haofan Yang, Yuntian Chen, Jianji Dong, Heng Zhou, Xinliang Zhang, and Jing Xu, "Dispersion-suppressed mode depletion by exceptional points for on-chip nonlinear optics," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 18, No. 3, 034028, Sep. 2022.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.034028

52. Parto, Midya, Yuzhou G. N. Liu, Babak Bahari, Mercedeh Khajavikhan, and Demetrios N. Christodoulides, "Non-hermitian and topological photonics: Optics at an exceptional point," Nanophotonics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 403-423, Jan. 2020.
doi:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0434

53. Suchkov, Sergey V., Andrey A. Sukhorukov, Jiahao Huang, Sergey V. Dmitriev, Chaohong Lee, and Yuri S. Kivshar, "Nonlinear switching and solitons in PT-symmetric photonic systems," Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 10, No. 2, 177-213, Mar. 2016.
doi:10.1002/lpor.201500227

54. Zhao, Han and Liang Feng, "Parity-time symmetric photonics," National Science Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 183-199, Mar. 2018.
doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy011

55. Zyablovsky, A. A., A. P. Vinogradov, A. A. Pukhov, A. V. Dorofeenko, and A. A. Lisyansky, "PT-symmetry in optics," Physics-Uspekhi, Vol. 57, No. 11, 1063-1082, 2014.
doi:10.3367/UFNe.0184.201411b.1177

56. Zhong, Q., S. Nelson, S. K. Özdemir, and R. El-Ganainy, "Controlling directional absorption with chiral exceptional surfaces," Optics Letters, Vol. 44, No. 21, 5242-5245, Nov. 2019.
doi:10.1364/OL.44.005242

57. Zhong, Q., A. Hashemi, Ş. K. Özdemir, and R. El-Ganainy, "Control of spontaneous emission dynamics in microcavities with chiral exceptional surfaces," Physical Review Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 013220, Mar. 2021.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.013220

58. Zhong, Q., J. Kou, Ş. K. Özdemir, and R. El-Ganainy, "Hierarchical construction of higher-order exceptional points," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 125, No. 20, 203602, Nov. 2020.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.203602

59. Soleymani, S., Q. Zhong, M. Mokim, S. Rotter, R. El-Ganainy, and S. K. Ozdemir, "Chiral and degenerate perfect absorption on exceptional surfaces," Nature Communications, Vol. 13, No. 1, 599, Feb. 2022.
doi:10.1038/s41467-022-27990-w

60. Feng, Liang, Zi Jing Wong, Ren-Min Ma, Yuan Wang, and Xiang Zhang, "Single-mode laser by parity-time symmetry breaking," Science, Vol. 346, No. 6212, 972-975, 2014.
doi:10.1126/science.1258479

61. Yang, Minye, Liang Zhu, Qi Zhong, Ramy El-Ganainy, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Spectral sensitivity near exceptional points as a resource for hardware encryption," Nature Communications, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1145, Feb. 2023.
doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36508-x

62. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Hongyi Pan, Mohamed Farhat, Ahmet Enis Cetin, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Electromagnetically unclonable functions generated by non-Hermitian absorber-emitter," Science Advances, Vol. 9, No. 36, Sep. 2023.
doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg7481

63. Sakhdari, Maryam, Mehdi Hajizadegan, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Robust extended-range wireless power transfer using a higher-order PT-symmetric platform," Physical Review Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 013152, Feb. 2020.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.013152

64. Hao, Xianglin, Ke Yin, Jianlong Zou, Ruibin Wang, Yuangen Huang, Xikui Ma, and Tianyu Dong, "Frequency-stable robust wireless power transfer based on high-order pseudo-Hermitian physics," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 130, No. 7, 077202, Feb. 2023.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.077202

65. Ye, Zhilu, Minye Yang, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Multi-band parity-time-symmetric wireless power transfer systems for ISM-band bio-implantable applications," IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 196-203, Jun. 2022.
doi:10.1109/JERM.2021.3120621

66. Wei, Zhihao and Bo Zhang, "Transmission range extension of PT-symmetry-based wireless power transfer system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 36, No. 10, 11135-11147, Oct. 2021.
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2021.3066988

67. Assawaworrarit, Sid, Xiaofang Yu, and Shanhui Fan, "Robust wireless power transfer using a nonlinear parity-time-symmetric circuit," Nature, Vol. 546, No. 7658, 387-390, Jun. 2017.
doi:10.1038/nature22404

68. Assawaworrarit, Sid and Shanhui Fan, "Robust and efficient wireless power transfer using a switch-mode implementation of a nonlinear parity-time symmetric circuit," Nature Electronics, Vol. 3, No. 5, 273-279, 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41928-020-0399-7

69. Slobodkin, Yevgeny, Gil Weinberg, Helmut Hoerner, Kevin Pichler, Stefan Rotter, and Ori Katz, "Massively degenerate coherent perfect absorber for arbitrary wavefronts," Science, Vol. 377, No. 6609, 995-998, Aug. 2022.
doi:10.1126/science.abq8103

70. Noh, Heeso, Yidong Chong, A. Douglas Stone, and Hui Cao, "Perfect coupling of light to surface plasmons by coherent absorption," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, No. 18, 186805, May 2012.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.186805

71. Chong, Y. D. and A. D. Stone, "Hidden black: Coherent enhancement of absorption in strongly scattering media," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, No. 16, 163901, Oct. 2011.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.163901

72. Chong, Y. D., Li Ge, Hui Cao, and A. D. Stone, "Coherent perfect absorbers: Time-reversed lasers," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, No. 5, 053901, Jul. 2010.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.053901

73. Bai, Ping, Kun Ding, Gang Wang, Jie Luo, Zhao-Qing Zhang, C. T. Chan, Ying Wu, and Yun Lai, "Simultaneous realization of a coherent perfect absorber and laser by zero-index media with both gain and loss," Physical Review A, Vol. 94, No. 6, 063841, Dec. 2016.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.063841

74. Sakhdari, Maryam, Nasim Mohammadi Estakhri, Hakan Bagci, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Low-threshold lasing and coherent perfect absorption in generalized PT-symmetric optical structures," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, No. 2, 024030, 2018.

75. Ha, Trung Dung, Chia-Heng Sun, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Reconfigurable superdirective beamshaping using a PTX-synthesis metasurface," Optical Materials Express, Vol. 13, No. 3, 646-655, Mar. 2023.
doi:10.1364/OME.482661

76. Hajizadegan, Mehdi, Liang Zhu, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Superdirective leaky radiation from a PT-synthetic metachannel," Optics Express, Vol. 29, No. 8, 12330-12343, Apr. 2021.
doi:10.1364/OE.419775

77. Fu, Yang-Yang, Yue Fei, Da-Xing Dong, and You-Wen Liu, "Photonic spin Hall effect in PT symmetric metamaterials," Frontiers of Physics, Vol. 14, No. 6, 62601, 2019.
doi:10.1007/s11467-019-0938-8

78. Liu, Tuo, Xuefeng Zhu, Fei Chen, Shanjun Liang, and Jie Zhu, "Unidirectional wave vector manipulation in two-dimensional space with an all passive acoustic parity-time-symmetric metamaterials crystal," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, No. 12, 124502, Mar. 2018.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.124502

79. Zhang, Xu-Lin, Tianshu Jiang, and C. T. Chan, "Dynamically encircling an exceptional point in anti-parity-time symmetric systems: Asymmetric mode switching for symmetry-broken modes," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 8, No. 1, 88, Oct. 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41377-019-0200-8

80. Chen, Pai-Yen and Ramy El-Ganainy, "Exceptional points enhance wireless readout," Nature Electronics, Vol. 2, No. 8, 323-324, Aug. 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41928-019-0293-3

81. Mortensen, N. Asger, P. A. D. Gonçalves, Mercedeh Khajavikhan, Demetrios N. Christodoulides, Christos Tserkezis, and Christian Wolff, "Fluctuations and noise-limited sensing near the exceptional point of parity-time-symmetric resonator systems," Optica, Vol. 5, No. 10, 1342-1346, Oct. 2018.
doi:10.1364/OPTICA.5.001342

82. Haus, H. A. and W. Huang, "Coupled-mode theory," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 10, 1505-1518, Oct. 1991.
doi:10.1109/58.677730

83. Chen, Weijian, Şahin Kaya Özdemir, Guangming Zhao, Jan Wiersig, and Lan Yang, "Exceptional points enhance sensing in an optical microcavity," Nature, Vol. 548, No. 7666, 192-196, Aug. 2017.
doi:10.1038/nature23281

84. Schindler, Joseph, Ang Li, Mei C. Zheng, F. M. Ellis, and Tsampikos Kottos, "Experimental study of active LRC circuits with PT symmetries," Physical Review A, Vol. 84, No. 4, 040101, Oct. 2011.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.84.040101

85. Sakhdari, Maryam, Mehdi Hajizadegan, Yue Li, Mark Ming-Cheng Cheng, Jonathan C. H. Hung, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Ultrasensitive, parity-time-symmetric wireless reactive and resistive sensors," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, No. 23, 9548-9555, Dec. 2018.
doi:10.1109/JSEN.2018.2870322

86. Chen, Pai-Yen, Maryam Sakhdari, Mehdi Hajizadegan, Qingsong Cui, Mark Ming-Cheng Cheng, Ramy El-Ganainy, and Andrea Alu, "Generalized parity-time symmetry condition for enhanced sensor telemetry," Nature Electronics, Vol. 1, No. 5, 297-304, May 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41928-018-0072-6

87. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, and Pai-Yen Chen, "A quantum-inspired biotelemetry system for robust and ultrasensitive wireless intracranial pressure monitoring," 2021 IEEE Sensors, Sydney, Australia, Oct. 2021.
doi:10.1109/SENSORS47087.2021.9639684

88. Park, Jun-Hee, Abdoulaye Ndao, Wei Cai, Liyi Hsu, Ashok Kodigala, Thomas Lepetit, Yu-Hwa Lo, and Boubacar Kante, "Symmetry-breaking-induced plasmonic exceptional points and nanoscale sensing," Nature Physics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 462-468, 2020.
doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0796-x

89. Young, A. T., "Rayleigh-scattering," Physics Today, Vol. 35, No. 1, 42-48, 1982.
doi:10.1063/1.2890003

90. Lai, Yu-Hung, Yu-Kun Lu, Myoung-Gyun Suh, Zhiquan Yuan, and Kerry Vahala, "Observation of the exceptional-point-enhanced sagnac effect," Nature, Vol. 576, No. 7785, 65-69, Dec. 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1777-z

91. Post, E. J. , "Sagnac effect," Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 39, No. 2, 475, 1967.
doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.39.475

92. Wu, Yulin, Peiji Zhou, Ting Li, Weishi Wan, and Yi Zou, "High-order exceptional point based optical sensor," Optics Express, Vol. 29, No. 4, 6080-6091, Feb. 2021.
doi:10.1364/OE.418644

93. Langbein, W., "No exceptional precision of exceptional-point sensors," Physical Review A, Vol. 98, No. 2, 023805, Aug. 2018.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.98.023805

94. Chen, Chong, Liang Jin, and Ren-Bao Liu, "Sensitivity of parameter estimation near the exceptional point of a non-Hermitian system," New Journal of Physics, Vol. 21, No. 8, 083002, Aug. 2019.
doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ab32ab

95. Duggan, Robert, Sander A. Mann, and Andrea Alù, "Limitations of sensing at an exceptional point," ACS Photonics, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1554-1566, 2022.
doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01535

96. Hodaei, Hossein, Absar U. Hassan, Steffen Wittek, Hipolito Garcia-Gracia, Ramy El-Ganainy, Demetrios N. Christodoulides, and Mercedeh Khajavikhan, "Enhanced sensitivity at higher-order exceptional points," Nature, Vol. 548, No. 7666, 187-191, Aug. 2017.
doi:10.1038/nature23280

97. Xiao, Zhicheng, Huanan Li, Tsampikos Kottos, and Andrea Alu, "Enhanced sensing and nondegraded thermal noise performance based on PT-symmetric electronic circuits with a sixth-order exceptional point," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, No. 21, 213901, Nov. 2019.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.213901

98. Geng, Qi and Ka-Di Zhu, "Discrepancy between transmission spectrum splitting and eigenvalue splitting: A reexamination on exceptional point-based sensors," Photonics Research, Vol. 9, No. 8, 1645-1649, Aug. 2021.
doi:10.1364/PRJ.423996

99. Kononchuk, Rodion, Jizhe Cai, Fred Ellis, Ramathasan Thevamaran, and Tsampikos Kottos, "Exceptional-point-based accelerometers with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio," Nature, Vol. 607, No. 7920, 697-702, Jul. 2022.
doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04904-w

100. Zhu, Xuefeng, Hamidreza Ramezani, Chengzhi Shi, Jie Zhu, and Xiang Zhang, "PT-symmetric acoustics," Physical Review X, Vol. 4, No. 3, 031042, Sep. 2014.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.4.031042

101. Shi, Chengzhi, Marc Dubois, Yun Chen, Lei Cheng, Hamidreza Ramezani, Yuan Wang, and Xiang Zhang, "Accessing the exceptional points of parity-time symmetric acoustics," Nature Communications, Vol. 7, No. 1, 11110, Mar. 2016.
doi:10.1038/ncomms11110

102. Shen, Chen, Junfei Li, Xiuyuan Peng, and Steven A. Cummer, "Synthetic exceptional points and unidirectional zero reflection in non-Hermitian acoustic systems," Physical Review Materials, Vol. 2, No. 12, 125203, Dec. 2018.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.125203

103. Fang, Xinsheng, Nikhil J. R. K. Gerard, Zhiling Zhou, Hua Ding, Nengyin Wang, Bin Jia, Yuanchen Deng, Xu Wang, Yun Jing, and Yong Li, "Observation of higher-order exceptional points in a non-local acoustic metagrating," Communications Physics, Vol. 4, No. 1, 271, Dec. 2021.
doi:10.1038/s42005-021-00779-x

104. Fleury, Romain, Dimitrios Sounas, and Andrea Alù, "An invisible acoustic sensor based on parity-time symmetry," Nature Communications, Vol. 6, No. 1, 5905, Jan. 2015.
doi:10.1038/ncomms6905

105. Ge, Li, Y. D. Chong, and A. D. Stone, "Conservation relations and anisotropic transmission resonances in one-dimensional PT-symmetric photonic heterostructures," Physical Review A, Vol. 85, No. 2, 023802, Feb. 2012.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.85.023802

106. Wang, Changqing, William R. Sweeney, A. Douglas Stone, and Lan Yang, "Coherent perfect absorption at an exceptional point," Science, Vol. 373, No. 6560, 1261-1265, Sep. 2021.
doi:10.1126/science.abj1028

107. Rosa, Matheus I. N., Matteo Mazzotti, and Massimo Ruzzene, "Exceptional points and enhanced sensitivity in PT-symmetric continuous elastic media," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 149, 104325, Apr. 2021.
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104325

108. Chen, Weijian, Jing Zhang, Bo Peng, Şahin Kaya Özdemir, Xudong Fan, and Lan Yang, "Parity-time-symmetric whispering-gallery mode nanoparticle sensor [Invited]," Photonics Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, A23-A30, May 2018.
doi:10.1364/PRJ.6.000A23

109. Zaky, Zaky A., M. Al-Dossari, Arvind Sharma, and Arafa H. Aly, "Effective pressure sensor using the parity-time symmetric photonic crystal," Physica Scripta, Vol. 98, No. 3, 035522, 2023.
doi:10.1088/1402-4896/acbcae

110. Zhong, Q., J. Ren, M. Khajavikhan, D. N. Christodoulides, Ş. K. Özdemir, and R. El-Ganainy, "Sensing with exceptional surfaces in order to combine sensitivity with robustness," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, No. 15, 153902, Apr. 2019.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.153902

111. Djorwe, P., Y. Pennec, and B. Djafari-Rouhani, "Exceptional point enhances sensitivity of optomechanical mass sensors," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, No. 2, 024002, Aug. 2019.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.024002

112. Chen, Pai-Yen and Jeil Jung, "PT symmetry and singularity-enhanced sensing based on photoexcited graphene metasurfaces," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 5, No. 6, 064018, Jun. 2016.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.5.064018

113. Zhou, Bin-Bin, Wen-Jun Deng, Li-Feng Wang, Lei Dong, and Qing-An Huang, "Enhancing the remote distance of LC passive wireless sensors by parity-time symmetry breaking," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 13, No. 6, 064022, Jun. 2020.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.064022

114. Yin, Ke, Yuangen Huang, Chao Ma, Xianglin Hao, Xiaoke Gao, Xikui Ma, and Tianyu Dong, "Wireless real-time capacitance readout based on perturbed nonlinear parity-time symmetry," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 120, No. 19, 194101, 2022.

115. Sakhdari, M., M. Hajizadegan, Q. Zhong, D. N. Christodoulides, Ramy El-Ganainy, and P.-Y. Chen, "Experimental observation of PT symmetry breaking near divergent exceptional points," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, No. 19, 193901, 2019.

116. Ye, Zhilu, Minye Yang, Nabeel Alsaab, and Pai-Yen Chen, "A wireless, zero-power and multiplexed sensor for wound monitoring," 2022 IEEE Sensors, 1-4, Dallas, TX, USA, Oct. 2022.

117. Sakhdari, Maryam, Zhilu Ye, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Generalized theory of PT-symmetric radio-frequency systems with divergent exceptional points," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 10, 9396-9405, 2022.

118. Sakhdari, Maryam and Pai-Yen Chen, "Ultrasensitive telemetric sensor based on adapted parity-time symmetry," 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 579-580, San Diego, CA, USA, Jul. 2017.

119. Fleury, Romain, Dimitrios L. Sounas, and Andrea Alù, "Parity-time symmetry in acoustics: Theory, devices, and potential applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 5, 121-129, 2016.

120. Igoshin, Vladimir, Mariia Tsimokha, Anastasia Nikitina, Mihail Petrov, Ivan Toftul, and Kristina Frizyuk, "Exceptional points in single open acoustic resonator due to the symmetry breaking," Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:2305.02370, 2023.

121. Pozar, David M., Microwave Engineering, Fourth Ed., Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2012.

122. Farhat, Mohamed, Minye Yang, Zhilu Ye, and Pai-Yen Chen, "PT-symmetric absorber-laser enables electromagnetic sensors with unprecedented sensitivity," ACS Photonics, Vol. 7, No. 8, 2080-2088, 2020.

123. Ye, Zhilu, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Tunability and switching of Fano and Lorentz resonances in PTX-symmetric electronic systems," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 117, No. 3, 031101, 2020.

124. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Cascaded PT-symmetric artificial sheets: Multimodal manipulation of self-dual emitter-absorber singularities, and unidirectional and bidirectional reflectionless transparencies," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 55, No. 8, 085301, 2021.

125. Watanabe, Takayuki, Tetsuya Fukushima, Yuhei Yabe, Stephane Albon Boubanga Tombet, Akira Satou, Alexander A. Dubinov, Vladimir Ya Aleshkin, Vladimir Mitin, Victor Ryzhii, and Taiichi Otsuji, "The gain enhancement effect of surface plasmon polaritons on terahertz stimulated emission in optically pumped monolayer graphene," New Journal of Physics, Vol. 15, No. 7, 075003, 2013.

126. Low, Tony, Pai-Yen Chen, and D. N. Basov, "Superluminal plasmons with resonant gain in population inverted bilayer graphene," Physical Review B, Vol. 98, No. 4, 041403, 2018.

127. Ye, Zhilu, Minye Yang, Liang Zhu, and Pai-Yen Chen, "PTX-symmetric metasurfaces for sensing applications," Frontiers of Optoelectronics, Vol. 14, 211-220, 2021.

128. Lin, Z., H. Ramezani, T. Eichelkraut, T. Kottos, H. Cao, and D. N. Christodoulides, "Unidirectional invisibility induced by PT-symmetric periodic structures," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, No. 21, 213901, 2011.

129. Wu, Jianhui, Jie Li, Chi Zhang, Yulu Liu, Liangquan Xu, Weipeng Xuan, Hao Jin, Shurong Dong, and Jikui Luo, "Frequency tunable coherent perfect absorption and lasing in radio-frequency system for ultrahigh-sensitive sensing," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 123, No. 16, 164102, 2023.

130. Farhat, Mohamed, P.-Y. Chen, Sebastien Guenneau, and Ying Wu, "Self-dual singularity through lasing and antilasing in thin elastic plates," Physical Review B, Vol. 103, No. 13, 134101, 2021.

131. Farhat, Mohamed, Waqas W. Ahmad, Abdelkrim Khelif, Khaled N. Salama, and Ying Wu, "Enhanced acoustic pressure sensors based on coherent perfect absorber-laser effect," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 129, No. 10, 104902, 2021.

132. Dong, Zhenya, Zhipeng Li, Fengyuan Yang, Cheng-Wei Qiu, and John S. Ho, "Sensitive readout of implantable microsensors using a wireless system locked to an exceptional point," Nature Electronics, Vol. 2, No. 8, 335-342, 2019.

133. Chen, Lisa Y., Benjamin C.-K. Tee, Alex L. Chortos, Gregor Schwartz, Victor Tse, Darren J. Lipomi, H.-S. Philip Wong, Michael V. McConnell, and Zhenan Bao, "Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care," Nature Communications, Vol. 5, No. 1, 5028, 2014.

134. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Ultrarobust wireless interrogation for sensors and transducers: A non-hermitian telemetry technique," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 70, 1-9, 2021.

135. Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Nabeel Alsaab, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "In-vitro demonstration of ultra-reliable, wireless and batteryless implanted intracranial sensors operated on loci of exceptional points," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, 287-295, 2022.

136. Hajizadegan, Mehdi, Maryam Sakhdari, Shaolin Liao, and Pai-Yen Chen, "High-sensitivity wireless displacement sensing enabled by PT-symmetric telemetry," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 67, No. 5, 3445-3449, 2019.

137. Sakhdari, Maryam, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "PT-symmetric metasurfaces: wave manipulation and sensing using singular points," New Journal of Physics, Vol. 19, No. 6, 065002, 2017.

138. Zhang, Yun Jing, Hoyeong Kwon, Mohammad-Ali Miri, Efthymios Kallos, Helena Cano-Garcia, Mei Song Tong, and Andrea Alu, "Noninvasive glucose sensor based on parity-time symmetry," Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, No. 4, 044049, 2019.

139. Yang, Min-Ye, Zhi-Lu Ye, Liang Zhu, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen, "Recent advances in coherent perfect absorber-lasers and their future applications," Journal of Central South University, Vol. 29, No. 10, 3203-3216, 2022.