Vol. 147
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2014-06-24
Review of Paper-Like Display Technologies (Invited Review)
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 147, 95-116, 2014
Abstract
With the advancement of wireless networks and cloud computing, people are becoming increasingly surrounded by a variety of displays - rich electronic devices: TV, Phone, Pad, Notebook and other portable or wearable devices. These electronic products put high demands on the quality of the visual interface. Paper-like displays are reflective and do not require a backlight. They have received much attention after electrophoretic-based electronic paper displays were commercialized in 2004. Paper-like displays combine excellent reading experience with ultra-low power consumption. In particular, their outdoor readability is superior to transmissive liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). In this paper, we give an overview onvarious paper-like display technologies with emphasis of the status and future development of electrophoretic display and electro-fluidic display principles. We focus on both technologies because electrophoretic displays have been commercialized successfully, and electro-fluidic display has high potential to deliver video and full color.
Citation
Peng Fei Bai, Robert Andrew Hayes, Mingliang Jin, Lingling Shui, Zi Chuan Yi, Li Wang, Xiao Zhang, and Guofu Zhou, "Review of Paper-Like Display Technologies (Invited Review)," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 147, 95-116, 2014.
doi:10.2528/PIER13120405
References

1. Stokes, J., "This september, OLED no longer `three to five years away',", 2009.

2., http://www.ziljak.hr/tiskarstvo/tiskarstvo08/Radovi08/ZA%20WEB/Epaper180.html..

3. Comiskey, B., J. Albert, H. Yoshizawa, and J. Jacobson, "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays," Nature, Vol. 394, No. 6690, 253-255, 1998.

4. Inoue, S., H. Kawai, S. Kanbe, T. Saeki, and T. Shimoda, "High-resolution microencapsulated electrophoretic display (EPD) driven by poly-Si TFTs with four-level grayscale," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 49, No. 9, 1532-1539, 2002.

5. Harrigal, C., V. Brajovic, W. Little, et al. "A backplane fabricated by evaporation printing for the production of a cost-competitive electrophoretic e-paper electronic shelf label display," SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 43, No. 1, 702-703, Jun. 2012.

6. Lee, J. K., S. S. Kim, Y. I. Park, C. D. Kim, and Y. K. Hwang, "In-cell adaptive touch technology for a flexible e-paper display," Solid-state Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 1, 159-162, 2011.

7. Sakurai, R., S. Ohno, S. I. Kita, Y. Masuda, and R. Hattori, "Color and flexible electronic paper display using QR-LPD technology," SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1922-1925, Wiley Online Library, 2006.

8. Wilson, R., "Displaying digital information on paper-like devices," A Technology and Standards Watch Report, 03-01, Joint Information Systems Committee, 2003.

9. Yang, D. K., J. L. West, L. C. Chien, and J. W. Doane, "Control of reflectivity and bistability in displays using cholesteric liquid crystals," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 76, No. 2, 1331-1333, 1994.

10. Miles, M. W., "A new reflective FPD technology using interferometric modulation," Journal of the Society for Information Display, Vol. 5, No. 4, 379-382, 1997.

11., http://www.qualcomm.com/mirasol.

12. Kim, H., J. Ge, J. Kim, et al. "Structural colour printing using a magnetically tunable and lithographically fixable photonic crystal," Nature Photonics, Vol. 3, No. 9, 534-540, 2009.

13. Arsenault, A. C., D. P. Puzzo, I. Manners, and G. A. Ozin, "Photonic-crystal full-colour displays," Nature Photonics, Vol. 1, No. 8, 468-472, 2007.

14. Lopez, C., "Materials aspects of photonic crystals," Advanced Materials, Vol. 15, No. 20, 1679-1704, 2003.

15. Ota, I., J. Ohnishi, and M. Yoshiyam, "Electrophoretic image display panel," Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 61, No. 7, 832-836, 1973.

16. Kostelec, J. and R. Liebert, "Design, fabrication and performance of an electrophoretic display," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., Vol. 53, No. 8, 606, 1974.

17. Singer, B. and A. L. Dalisa, "X-Y addressable electrophoretic display," Proc. SID, Vol. 18, No. 3-4, 255-266, 1977.

18. Hopper, M. A. and V. Novotny, "Characteristics of a TiO2-based electrophoretic display," J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 126, No. 8, C339, 1979.

19. White, R., "An electrophoretic bar graph display," Proc. SID, Vol. 22, No. 3, 173-180, 1981.

20. Fernandez, J. C., F. J. Delasnieves, R. M. Garcia, and R. Hidalgoalvarez, "The role of zeta-potential in the colloid stability of calcium-oxalate dihydrate dispersions," Colloid Surface, Vol. 61, 123-135, 1991.

21. Barany, S., N. A. Mishchuk, and D. C. Prieve, "Superfast electrophoresis of conducting dispersed particles," J. Colloid Interf. Sci., Vol. 207, No. 2, 240-250, 1998.

22. Comiskey, B., J. D. Albert, H. Yoshizawa, and J. Jacobson, "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays," Nature, Vol. 394, No. 6690, 253-255, 1998.

23. Baba, A., S. Sunohara, and T. Kitamura, "Electrodeposition of microcapsule containing electrophoretic pigments for electrophoretic display," Proceedings of the 12th International Display Workshops in Conjunction with Asia Display 2005, IDW/Ad'05, Vol. 1-2, 911-914, 2005.

24. Wang, D. W. and X. P. Zhao, "Fabrication and properties of electrophoretic display thin film for electronic paper," Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol. 503, 129-142, 2009.

25. Sim, H. H., Y. J. Kim, and H. J. Choi, "Polymer encapsulated inorganic black pigment nanoparticles and their electrophoretic characteristics," J. Nanosci. Nanotechno, Vol. 12, No. 12, 9254-9258, 2012.

26. Yu, D. G. and J. H. An, "Preparation and characterization of acrylic-based black particles of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) by dispersion polymerization for electrophoretic displays," J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem., Vol. 42, No. 22, 5608-5616, 2004.

27. Meng, X. W., T. Wen, S. W. Sun, R. B. Zheng, J. Ren, and F. Q. Tang, "Synthesis and application of carbon-iron oxide Microspheres' black pigments in electrophoretic displays," Nanoscale Res. Lett., Vol. 5, No. 10, 1664-1668, 2010.

28. Kwak, Y., J. Park, D. S. Park, and J. B. Park, "Generating vivid colors on red-green-blue-white electronic-paper display," Appl. Optics, Vol. 47, No. 25, 4491-4500, 2008.

29. Hou, X. Y., S. G. Bian, J. F. Chen, and Y. Le, "High charged red pigment nanoparticles for electrophoretic displays," Opt. Mater., Vol. 35, No. 2, 201-204, 2012.

30. Niu, X. W., Y. M. Sun, S. N. Ding, C. C. Chen, and B. Song, "Preparation and characterization of novel yellow pigments: Hollow TiO2 spheres doped with cerium," J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. EL, Vol. 22, No. 12, 1865-1874, 2011.

31. Kao, W., "Electrophoretic display controller integrated with real-time halftoning and partial region update," Journal of Display Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 36-44, 2010.

32. Bai, P., Z. Yi, and G. Zhou, "An improved driving scheme in an electrophoretic display," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013.

33. Zhou, G., N. N. Ailenei, J. P. van de Kamer, et al. "Electrophoretic display with rapid drawing mode waveform," US7804483 B2, 2010.

34. Kao, W., W. Chang, and J. Ye, "Driving waveform design based on response latency analysis of electrophoretic displays," Journal of Display Technology, Vol. 8, No. 10, 596-601, 2012.

35. Wang, Z. and Z. Liu, "The key technology of e-reader based on electrophoretic display," 2010 2nd International Conference on IEEE Software Technology and Engineering (ICSTE), Vol. 1, V1-333-V1-336, 2010.

36. Zhou, G., M. Johnson, and R. Cortie, "Addressing an active matrix electrophoretic display," Proc. IDW'04, 1729-1732, Japan, 2004.

37. Johnson, M., G. Zhou, and J. van de Kamer, "Transition between grayscale and monochrome addressing of an electrophoretic display,", WO Patent 2,005,088,603, 2005.

38. Zhou, G., M. T. Johnson, J. van de Kamer, R. Cortie, and M. E. T. Nelis, "Scrolling function in an electrophoretic display device,", US7796115 B2, 2010.

39. Kao, W., S. Liu, and W. Chang, "Signal processing for playing videos on electrophoretic displays," 2012 IEEE 55th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 872-875, 2012.

40. Zhou, G., A. V. Henzen, J. van de Kamer, and M. T. Johnson, "Driving method for an electrophoretic display with accurate greyscale and minimized average power consumption,", Google Patents, US 7839381 B2, 2010.

41. Zhou, G., M. Johnson, R. Cortie, et al. "Driving schemes for active matrix electrophoretic displays," Proc. IDW, AMD2/EP1-1, 239-242, 2003.

42. Heikenfeld, J., P. Drzaic, J. S. Yeo, and T. Koch, "Review paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper," Journal of the Society for Information Display, Vol. 19, No. 2, 129-156, 2011.

43. Zhou, G., E. Niessen, and M. Johnson, "Method of increasing image bi-stability and grayscale accuracy in an electrophoretic display,", WO Patent 2,005,088,600, 2005.

44. Zhou, G., "Electrophoretic display with uniform image stability regardless of the initial optical states,", US Patent Application 20070164982, 2005.

45. Hayes, R. A. and B. Feenstra, "Video-speed electronic paper based on electrowetting," Nature, Vol. 425, No. 6956, 383-385, 2003.

46. Pitt, M. G., R. W. Zehner, K. R. Amundson, and H. Gates, "Power consumption of microencapsulated display for smart handheld applications," SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 33, No. 1, 1378-1381, Wiley Online Library, 2002.

47. Omodani, M., "Invited paper: What is electronic paper? The expectations," SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 35, No. 1, 128-131, Wiley Online Library, 2004.

48. Pilato, F., "Sony LIBRIe --- The first ever E-ink e-book reader," Mobile Magazine [online], Vol. 25, 2004.

49., http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/digi/46334-20090603.html.

50., http://news.mydrivers.com/1/140/140595.htm.

51. Peruvemba, S. K., "Dual-pigment electrophoretic displays for reading textbooks," Display, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1226, 2012.

52. Anscombe, N., "E-reader revolution," Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, 68-71, 2012.

53. Clark, D. T., S. P. Goodwin, T. Samuelson, and C. Coker, "A qualitative assessment of the kindle e-book reader: Results from initial focus groups," Performance Measurement and Metrics, Vol. 9, No. 2, 118-129, 2008.

54. Ho, A., "Embedding e-paper in smart cards, pricing labels & indicators," Presentation Conducted at Smart Paper Conference, Nov. 15-16, 2006.

55. Zehner, R. W. and W. Malcherek, "Tiled displays and methods for driving same,", Google Patents, US 20050253777 A1, 2005.

56., http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/elec/9828-200512060111.html.

57., http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/elec/4648-200612190130.html.

58., http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/elec/14300-200603100101.html.

59. Chim, W. M., "A flexible electronic paper with integrated display driver using single grain TFT technology,", Ms.C. Thesis, 2009.

60. Graham-Rowe, D., "Electronic paper rewrites the rulebook for displays," Nature Photonics, Vol. 1, No. 5, 248-251, 2007.

61., http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/semi/42682-200512020117.html.

62., http://tech.hexun.com/2012-06-06/142186663.html.

63. Moberg, A., M. Johansson, G. Finnveden, and A. Jonsson, "Screening environmental life cycle assessment of printed, web based and tablet e-paper newspaper," Reports from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, 2007.

64. Hyytiainen, I. A., "Electronic device wireless display,", Google Patents, 2008.

65., http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/popslate-second-screen-case-for-your-smart-phone.

66., http://www.enet.com.cn/article/2007/1008/A20071008854846.shtml.

67., http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20090714/172975/.

68. Lahey, B., A. Girouard, W. Burleson, and R. Vertegaal, "PaperPhone: Understanding the use of bend gestures in mobile devices with flexible electronic paper displays," Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1303-1312, ACM, 2011.

69. Amundson, K., J. Ewing, P. Kazlas, et al. "Flexible, active matrix display constructed using a microencapsulated electrophoretic material and an organicsemi conductor based backplane," SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 32, No. 1, 160-163, Wiley Online Library, 2001.

70. Rogers, J. A., Z. Bao, K. Baldwin, et al. "Paper-like electronic displays: Large-area rubber-stamped plastic sheets of electronics and microencapsulated electrophoretic inks," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98, No. 9, 4835-4840, 2001.

71. Huitema, E., F. Touwslager, E. Veenendaal, N. Aerle, and P. Lieshout, "Rollable displays: From concept to manufacturing," SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Vol. 40, No. 1, 104-107, Wiley Online Library, 2009.

72., http://www.auo.com/?sn=109&lang=zh-CHS&c=18&n=228.

73., http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/taiw/48610-20091028.html.

74., http://www.engadget.com/2012/03/29/lg-flexible-e-paper-display-launch/.

75., http://www.bisenet.com/article/201303/124481.htm.

76. Moriya, S., T. Miyamoto, T. Saeki, H. Kawai, and S. Nebashi, "Flexible electrophoretic display with inkjet printed active matrix backplane," NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, Vol. 2007, No. 2, 839-842, Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 2007.

77., http://cisco.chinaitlab.com/wireless/27011.html.

78., http://old.xmsme.gov.cn/2006-1/20061171748451765.htm.

79., http://www.cnbeta.com/articles/191160.htm.

80., http://www.adt-gmbh.com/en/products/products.html#c15.

81. Heikenfeld, J., K. Zhou, E. Kreit, et al. "Electrofluidic displays using Young-Laplace transposition of brilliant pigment dispersions," Nature Photonics, Vol. 3, No. 5, 292-296, 2009.

82. Seyrat, E. and R. A. Hayes, "Amorphous fluoropolymers as insulators for reversible low-voltage electrowetting," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 90, No. 3, 1383-1386, 2001.

83. Resnick, P. R. and W. H. Buck, "Teflon AF amorphous fluoropolymer," Modern Fluoropolymers, 397-419, 1997.

84., http://www.agc.com/english/chemicals/shinsei/cytop/index.html.

85. Koo, B. and C. J. Kim, "Evaluation of repeated electrowetting on three different fluoropolymer top coatings," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 23, No. 6, 067002, 2013.

86. Papathanasiou, A., A. Papaioannou, and A. Boudouvis, "Illuminating the connection between contact angle saturation and dielectric breakdown in electrowetting through leakage current measurements," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 103, No. 3, 034901, 2008.

87. Paneru, M., C. Priest, R. Sedev, and J. Ralston, "Electrowetting of aqueous solutions of ionic liquid in solid-liquid-liquid systems," Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, No. 18, 8383-8388, 2010.