Vol. 137
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2013-02-07
Efficient Implementation of the Capon Beamforming Using the Levenberg-Marquardt Scheme for Two Dimensional AOA Estimation
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 137, 19-34, 2013
Abstract
In this paper, we adopt the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm to implement the nonlinear multivariable optimization for azimuth/elevation angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation based on the Capon beamforming algorithm. The formulation is based on the fact that the cost function of the Capon algorithm can be expressed in a least-squares form. The performance in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) and the computational complexity is illustrated via numerical results.
Citation
Sung-Woo Cho, and Joon-Ho Lee, "Efficient Implementation of the Capon Beamforming Using the Levenberg-Marquardt Scheme for Two Dimensional AOA Estimation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 137, 19-34, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12122711
References

1. Capon, J., "High resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 57, 1408-1418, 1969.
doi:10.1109/PROC.1969.7278

2. Tweg, R. and B. Porat, "Numerical optimization method for array signal processing," IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 35, 549-565, 1999.
doi:10.1109/7.766937

3. Selva, J., "An efficient Newton-type method for the computation of ML estimators in a uniform linear array," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 53, No. 6, 2036-2045, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TSP.2005.847842

4. Madsen, K., H. B. Nielsen, and O. Tingleff, "Methods for Non-linear Least Squares Problem," 2nd Edition, Technical University of Denmark, 2004.

5. More, J., "The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm: Implementation and theory," Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 630, 105-116, 1798.

6. Lee, J.-H, S.-W. Cho, and H.-S. Kim, "Newton-type method in spectrum estimation-based AOA estimation," Electronics Express, Vol. 9, No. 12, 1036-1043, 2012.
doi:10.1587/elex.9.1036

7. Lee, J.-H., S.-W. Cho, and I.-S. Choi, "Simple expressions of CEP and covariance matrix for localization using LOB measurements for circular trajectory," Electronics Express, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1221-1229, 2012.
doi:10.1587/elex.9.1221

8. Liang, J. and D. Liu, "Two L-shaped array-based 2-D DOAs estimation in the presence of mutual coupling," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 112, 273-298, 2011.

9. Cheng, S.-C. and K.-C. Lee, "Reducing the array size for DOA estimation by an antenna mode switch technique," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 131, 117-134, 2012.

10. Solimene, R., A. Dell'Aversano, and G. Leone, "Interferometric time reversal MUSIC for small scatterer localization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 131, 243-258, 2012.

11. Lee, J.-H., Y.-S. Jeong, S.-W. Cho, W.-Y. Yeo, and K. S. J. Pister, "Application of the newton method to improve the accuracy of TOA estimation with the beamforming algorithm and the MUSIC algorithm,", Vol. 116, 475-515, 2011.

12. Chen, Y. L. and J.-H. Lee, "Finite data performance analysis of LCMV antenna array beamformers with and without signal blocking," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 130, 281-317, 2012.

13. Hong, T., M.-Z. Song, and Y. Liu, "RF directional modulation technique using a switched antenna array for communication and direction-finding Applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 120, 195-213, 2011.

14. Bencheikh, M. L. and Y.Wang, "Combined ESPRIT-RootMUSIC for DOA-DOD estimation in polarimetric bistatic MIMO radar," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 22, 109-117, 2011.

15. Peng, H., Z. Yang, and T. Yang, "Calibration of a six-port receiver for direction finding using the artificial neural network technique," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 27, 17-24, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERL11081504

16. Kim, Y. and H. Ling, "Direction of arrival estimation of humans with a small sensor array using an artificial neural network," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 27, 127-149, 2011.

17. Elshennawy, W. S., A. M. Attiya, E. A. H. Hashish, and I. A. Eshrah, "Direction of arrival estimation for nonuniform planar array based on piecewise interpolation method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 38, 241-259, 2012.

18. Zhou, Q.-C., H. Gao, F. Wang, and J. Shi, "Modified DOA estimation methods with unknown source number based on projection pretransformation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 38, 387-403, 2012.

19. Zaharis, Z. D., C. Skeberis, and T. D. Xenos, "Improved antenna array adaptive beamforming with low side lobe level using a novel adaptive invasive weed optimization method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 137-150, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11120202

20. Li, W.-X., Y.-P. Li, and W.-H. Yu, "On adaptive beamforming for coherent interference suppression via virtual antenna array," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 125, 125-184, 2012.

21. Zaharis, Z. D., K. A. Gotsis, and J. N. Sahalos, "Comparative study of neural network training applied to adaptive beamforming of antenna arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 126, 269-283, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12012408

22. Liu, X., T. Jiang, L. Yang, and H.-B. Zhu, "Constrained trilinear decomposition with application to array signal processing," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 195-214, 2012.

23. Mallipeddi, R., J. P. Lie, P. N. Suganthan, S. G. Razul, and C. M. S. See, "A differential evolution approach for robust adaptive beamforming based on joint estimation of look direction and Array Geometry," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 119, 381-394, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11052205

24. Eom, S. Y., Y.-B. Jung, S. A. Ganin, and A. V. Shishlov, "A cylindrical shaped-reflector antenna with a linear feed array for shaping complex beam patterns ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 119, 477-495, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11062912

25. Zaharis, Z. D. and T. V. Yioultsis, "A novel adaptive beamforming technique applied on linear antenna arrays using adaptive mutated boolean PSO," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 165-179, 2011.

26. Li, W.-T., Y.-Q. Hei, and X.-W. Shi, "Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays by a modified particle swarm optimization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 237-252, 2011.

27. Wang, W.-B., Q. Feng, and D. Liu, "Application of chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm to pattern synthesis of antenna arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 115, 173-189, 2011.

28. Li, R., L. Xu, X.-W. Shi, N. Zhang, and Z.-Q. Lv, "Improved differential evolution strategy for antenna array pattern synthesis problems," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 113, 429-441, 2011.

29. Zaharis, Z. D., K. A. Gotsis, and J. N. Sahalos, "Adaptive beamforming with low side lobe level using neural networks trained by mutated boolean PSO," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 127, 139-154, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12022806

30. Zaharis, Z. D., "A modified Taguchi's optimization algorithm for beamforming applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 127, 553-569, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12040108

31. Wu, X. P., J.-M. Shi, Z. S. Chen, and B. Xu, "A new plasma antenna of beam-forming," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 126, 539-553, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12021906

32. Jeong, S.-H., H.-Y. Yu, J.-E. Lee, J.-N. Oh, and K.-H. Lee, "A multi-beam and multi-range radar with FMCW and digital beam forming for automotive applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 285-299, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11110805

33. Lu, S., J. Sun, G. Wang, and Y.-L. Lu, "A mixing vector based an affine combination of two adaptive filters for sensor array beamforming," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 122, 361-387, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11090204

34. Mallipeddi, R., J. P. Lie, S. G. Razul, P. N. Suganthan, and C. M. S. See, "Robust adaptive beamforming based on covariance matrix reconstruction for Look direction mismatch," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 25, 37-46, 2011.

35. Lee, J.-H., G.-W. Jung, and W.-C. Tsai, "Antenna array beamforming in the presence of spatial information uncertainties," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 31, 139-156, 2011.

36. Lee, J.-H., "Robust antenna array beamforming under cycle frequency mismatch," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 35, 307-328, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11082207

37. Jabbar, A. N., "A novel ultra-fast ultra-simple adaptive blind beamforming algorithm for smart antenna arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 35, 329-348, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11091504

38. Huang, C.-C. and J.-H. Lee, "Robust adaptive beamforming using a fully data-dependent loading technique," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 37, 307-325, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11110406

39. Cho, S.-W. and J.-H. Lee, "Effect of threshold value on the performance of natural frequency-based radar target recognition," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 135, 527-562, 2013.

40. Lee, J.-H., S.-W. Cho, S.-H. Park, and K.-T. Kim, "Performance analysis of radar target recognition using natural frequency: Frequency domain approach," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 132, 315-345, 2012.

41. Lee, J.-H. and S.-H. Jeong, "Performance of natural frequency-based target detection in frequency domain," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 26, No. 17-18, 2426-2437, 2012.
doi:10.1080/09205071.2012.735789

42. Lee, J.-H. and H.-T. Kim, "Comments on extraction of the natural frequencies of a radar target from a measured response using E-pulse techniques," IEEE Transactions Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 11, 3853-3855, Nov. 2005.

43. Lee, J.-H. and H.-T. Kim, "Radar target recognition based on late time representation: Closed form expression for criterion," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, No. 9, 2455-2462, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.880665

44. Li, J. and P. Stoica, Robust Adaptive Beamforming, Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

45. Li, J., P. Stoica, and Z. Wang, "On robust Capon beamforming and diagonal loading," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 51, No. 7, 1702-1715, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TSP.2003.812831

46. Li, J., P. Stoica, and Z. Wang, "Doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 52, 2407-2423, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TSP.2004.831998

47. Du, L., J. Li, and P. Stoica, "Fully automatic computation of diagonal loading levels for robust adaptive beamforming," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronics Systems, Vol. 46, 449-458, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAES.2010.5417174

48. Elnashar, A., S. Elnoubi, and H. El-Mikati, "Further study on robust adaptive beamforming with optimum diagonal loading," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54, 3647-3658, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.886473