volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

With the advancement of technology, the need of antenna arrays with shaped power patterns increases day by day for the purpose of improvement of communication. In this article, we represent a new method for designing optimized linear array with shaped beam radiation pattern of desired specifications. The main objective is to obtain suitable current excitation amplitude and phase distribution for the linear array elements so that it can produce the desired custom shaped radiation pattern as the user demands. The design procedure utilizes an improved variant of a prominent and efficient metaheuristics of current interest, namely the Differential Evolution (DE). In our modified DE algorithm, denoted as DE_rBM_2SX, new mutation and crossover strategies are employed. These modifications help to overcome some drawbacks of classical DE. Two examples of linear array with shaped radiation pattern design problem are considered to illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. Our results are also compared with two state-of-the-art variants of DE and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) - namely JADE and CLPSO (Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization). The comparison clearly reveals that our optimization algorithm is more efficient than JADE or CLPSO in finding optimum element excitation amplitude and phase distribution for the desired shaped pattern.

1. Milne, K., "Synthesis of power radiation patterns for linear array antennas," IEEE Proceedings H, Vol. 134, No. 3, 285-296, 1987.

2. Zhang, W. K. and Y.-M. Bo, "Pattern synthesis for linear equal-spaced antenna array using an iterative eigenmodes method," IEEE Proceedings H, Vol. 135, No. 3, 167-170, 1988.

3. Isernia, T., O. M. Bucci, and N. Fiorentino, "Shaped beam antenna synthesis problems: Feasibility criteria and new strategies," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 12, No. 1, 103-138, 1998.
doi:10.1163/156939398X00098

4. Cid, J. M., J. A. Rodriguez, and F. Ares, "Shaped power patterns produced by equispaced linear arrays: Optimized synthesis using orthogonal sin(Nx)/sin(x) beams," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 13, No. 7, 985-992, 1999.
doi:10.1163/156939399X00466

5. Azevedo, J. A. R., "Shaped beam pattern synthesis with non-uniform sample phases," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 5, 77-90, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERB08020103

6. Akdagli, A. and K. Guney, "Shaped-beam pattern synthesis of equally and unequally spaced linear antenna arrays using a modified tabu search algorithm," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 36, No. 1, 16-20, 2003.
doi:10.1002/mop.10657

7. Khodier, M. M. and C. G. Christodoulou, "Linear array geometry synthesis with minimum sidelobe level and null control using particle swarm optimization," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 8, Aug. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.851762

8. Godara, L. C. and Ed., Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications, CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2002.

9. Udina, A., N. M. Martin, and L. C. Jain, "Linear antenna array optimization by genetic means," Third International Conference on Knowledge-based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems Adelaide, Australia, Sept. 1999.

10. Ares-Pena, F. J., A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, E. Villanueva-Lopez, and S. R. Rengarajan, "Genetic algorithms in the design and optimization of antenna array patterns," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, 506-510, Mar. 1999.
doi:10.1109/8.768786

11. Tian, Y. B. and J. Qian, "Improve the performance of a linear array by changing the spaces among array elements in terms of genetic algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 53, 2226-2230, Jul. 2005.

12. Lommi, A., A. Massa, E. Storti, and A. Trucco, "Side lobe reduction in sparse linear arrays by genetic algorithms," Microwave Optical Techn. Lett., Vol. 32, 194-196, 2002.
doi:10.1002/mop.10128

13. Cengiz, Y. and H. Tokat, "Linear antenna array design with use of genetic, memetic and tabu search optimization algorithms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 1, 63-72, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERC08010205

14. Murino, V., A. Trucco, and C. S. Regazzoni, "Synthesis of equally spaced arrays by simulated annealing," IEEE Trans. on Signal Process., Vol. 44, No. 1, 119-122, Jan. 1996.
doi:10.1109/78.482017

15. Gies, D. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Particle swarm optimization for reconfigurable phase-differentiated array design," Microwave and Opt. Technology Lett., Vol. 38, 168-175, 2003.
doi:10.1002/mop.11005

16. Zaharis, Z. D. and T. V. Yioultsis, "A novel adaptive beamforming technique applied on linear antenna arrays using adaptive mutated boolean PSO," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 165-179, 2011.

17. Liu, Y., Z.-P. Nie, and Q. H. Liu, "A new method for the synthesis of non-uniform linear arrays with shaped power patterns," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 107, 349-363, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10060912

18. Guney, K. and S. Basbug, "Interference suppression of linear antenna arrays by amplitude-only control using a bacterial foraging algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 79, 475-497, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER07110705

19. Babayigit, B., A. Akdagli, and K. Guney, "A clonal selection algorithm for null synthesizing of linear antenna arrays by amplitude control," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 8, 1007-1020, 2006.
doi:10.1163/156939306776930222

20. Guney, K. and M. Onay, "Amplitude-only pattern nulling of linear antenna arrays with the use of bees algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 70, 21-36, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07011204

21. Karaboga, D., K. Guney, and A. Akdagli, "Antenna array pattern nulling by controlling both the amplitude and the phase using modified touring ant colony optimisation algorithm," Int. J. Electronics, Vol. 91, 241-251, 2004.
doi:10.1080/00207210410001690638

22. Hosseini, S. A. and Z. Atlasbaf, "Optimization of side lobe level and fixing quasi-nulls in both of the sum and difference patterns by using continuous ant colony optimization (ACO) method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 79, 321-337, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER07102901

23. Mallahzadeh, A. R., H. Oraizi, and Z. Davoodi-Rad, "Application of the invasive weed optimization technique for antenna configurations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 79, 137-150, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER07092503

24. Sheng, N., C. Liao, W. Lin, L. Chang, Q. Zhang, and H. Zhou, "A hybrid optimized algorithm based on EGO and Taguchi's method for solving expensive evaluation problems of antenna design," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 17, 181-192, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERC10091303

25. Basu, B. and G. K. Mahanti, "Fire fly and artificial bees colony algorithm for synthesis of scanned and broad-side linear array antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 32, 169-190, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11053108

26. Yang, S., Y. Chen, and Z.-P. Nie, "Simulation of time modulated linear antenna arrays using the FDTD method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 175-190, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09092507

27. Guney, K., A. Durmus, and S. Basbug, "A plant growth simulation algorithm for pattern nulling of linear antenna arrays by amplitude control," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 17, 69-84, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERB09061709

28. Storn, R. and K. Price, "Differential evolution --- A simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces," Journal of Global Optimization, Vol. 11, No. 4, 341-359, 1997.
doi:10.1023/A:1008202821328

29. Dib, N. I., S. K. Goudos, and H. Muhsen, "Application of Taguchi's optimization method and self-adaptive differential evolution to the synthesis of linear antenna arrays," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 102, 159-180, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER09122306

30. Chowdhury, A., A. Ghosh, R. Giri, and S. Das, "Optimization of antenna configuration with a fitness-adaptive differential evolution algorithm," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 26, 291-319, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10080703

31. Bucci, O., G. D'Elia, G. Mazzarella, and G. Panariello, "Antenna pattern synthesis: A new general approach," IEEE Proc., Vol. 82, 358-371, Mar. 1994.
doi:10.1109/5.272140

32. Oliveri, G. and A. Massa, "Bayesian compressive sampling for pattern synthesis with maximally sparse non-uniform linear arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, 467-481, Feb. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2096400

33. Zhang, J. and A. C. Sanderson, "JADE: Adaptive differential evolution with optional external archive," IEEE Trans. on Evol. Comput., Vol. 13, No. 5, 945-958, Oct. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TEVC.2009.2014613

34. Liang, J. J., A. K. Qin, P. N. Suganthan, and S. Baskar, "Comprehensive learning particle swarm optimizer for global optimization of multimodal functions," IEEE Trans. on Evol. Compt., Vol. 10, 281-295, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TEVC.2005.857610

Mr. Ankush Mandal

Dr. Hamim Zafar

Dr. Swagatam Das

Dr. Athanassios V. Vasilakos