1. Lozano, A., F. R. Farrokhi, and R. A. Valenzuela, "Lifting the limits on high-speed wireless data access using antenna arrays," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 39, 156-162, Sep. 2001.
doi:10.1109/35.948420
2. Winters, J. H., "Smart antennas for wireless systems," IEEE Personal Commun. Mag., Vol. 5, 23-27, Feb. 1998.
doi:10.1109/98.656155
3. Murch, R. D. and K. B. Letaief, "Antenna systems for broadband wireless access," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 40, 76-83, Apr. 2002.
doi:10.1109/35.995854
4. Ko, C. K. and R. D. Murch, "Compact integrated diversity antenna," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., Vol. 49, 954-960, Jun. 2001.
doi:10.1109/8.931154
5. Vaughan, R. G. and J. B. Andersen, "Antenna diversity in mobile communications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 36, No. 4, 149-172, Nov. 1987.
doi:10.1109/T-VT.1987.24115
6. Rosen, A. and A. Vander Vorst, "Special issue on medical application and biological effects of RF/microwaves," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Part II, Vol. 44, Oct. 1996.
7. Rosen, A., A. Vander Vorst, and Y. Kotsuka, "Special issue pm medical applications and biological effects of RF/microwaves," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Part II, Vol. 48, Nov. 2000.
8. IEEE C95.1:2005, , Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE standard, 2005.
9. ICNIRP Guidelines, , Guidelines for limiting exposure to timevarying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz), Vol. 74, No. 4 Health Phys., 1998.
10. Dietrich, Jr., C. B., W. L. Stutzman, B. Kim, and K. Dietze, "Smart antennas in wireless communications: Base-station diversity and handset beamforming," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 5, 142-151, Oct. 2000.
11. Denidni, T. A., D. McNeil, and G. Y. Delisle, "Experimental investigations of a new adaptive dual-antenna array for handset applications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 52, No. 6, 1417-1423, Nov. 2003.
doi:10.1109/TVT.2003.816646
12. Yuan, Q., Q. Chen, and K. Sawaya, "Performance of adaptive array antenna with arbitrary geometry in the presence of mutual coupling," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 7, 1991-1996, Jul. 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.877158
13. Jensen, M. A. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 83, No. 1, 1106-1113, Jan. 1995.
doi:10.1109/5.362755
14. Vaughan, R. G. and L. S. Neil, "Evaluation of antenna configurations for reduced power absorption in the head," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 48, No. 5, 1371-1380, Sep. 1999.
doi:10.1109/25.790510
15. Li, L. W., M. S. Leong, P. S. Kooi, and T. S. Yeo, "Specific absorption rates in human head due to handset antennas: A comparative study using FDTD method," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 14, No. 7, 987-1001, 2000.
16. Kang, X. K., L. W. Li, M. S. Leong, and P. S. Kooi, "A method of moments study of SAR inside spheroidal human head and current distribution along handset wire antennas," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 15, No. 1, 61-76, 2001.
doi:10.1163/156939301X00643
17. Kouveliotis, N. K., P. J. Papakanellos, E. D. Nanou, N. I. Sakka, V. S. G. Tsiafakis, and C. N. Capsalis, "Correlation between SAR, SWR and distance of a mobile terminal antenna in front of an experimental validation," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 17, No. 11, 1561-1581, 2003.
doi:10.1163/156939303772681415
18. De Salles, A. A., C. R. Ferndadez, and M. Bonadiman, "FDTD simulations and measurements on planar antennas for mobile phones," Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference. IMOC 2003. Proceedings of the 2003 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International , Vol. 2, 1043-1048, Sep. 2003.
19. Stavros, K. and K. S. Nikita, "Study of the coupling between human head and cellular phone helical antennas," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 46, No. 1, 62-70, Feb. 2004.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2004.823612
20. Kouveliotis, N. K., S. C. Panagiotou, P. K. Varlamos, and C. N. Capsalis, "Theoretical approach of the interaction between a human model and a mobile handset helical antenna using numerical methods ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 65, 309-327, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER06101901
21. Klemm, M. and G. Troester, "EM energy absorption in the human body tissues due to UWB antennas," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 62, 261-280, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER06040601
22. Ebrahimi-Ganjeh, M. A. and A. R. Attari, "Interaction of dual band helical and PIFA handset antennas with human head and hand," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 77, 225-242, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07081804
23. Kuo, L.-C., Y.-C. Kan, and H.-R. Chuang, "Analysis of a 900/1800-MHz dual-band gap loop antenna on a handset with proximate head and hand model ," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 1, 107-122, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307779391722
24. Khodabakhshi, H. and A. Cheldavi, "Numerical analysis of human head interaction with PIFA antennas in cellular mobile communications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 22, 359-377, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10051304
25. Priyadarshini, S. J., T. A. J. Mary, D. Sugumar, and C. S. Ravichandran, "Impact of SAR on human head modeling n Elevators using IFA," Applied Electromagnetics (APACE), 2010 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference, 1-5, Port Dickson, Nov. 9-11, 2010.
26. Kusuma, A. H., A.-F. Sheta, I. Elshafiey, Z. Siddiqui, M. A. S. Alkanhal, S. Aldosari, S. A. Alshebeili, and S. F. Mahmoud, "A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications ," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 112, 23-40, 2011.
27. Chim, K.-C., K. C. L. Chan, and R. D. Murch, "Investigating the impact of smart antennas on SAR," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 5, 1370-1374, May 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.827513
28. Akimasa, H., S. Mitsuzono, and T. Shiozawa, "Feasibility study of adaptive nulling on handset for 4G mobile communications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 3, 120-122, 2004.
29. Chen, Q., Y. Komukai, and K. Sawaya, "SAR investigation of array antennas for mobile handsets," IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol. E90-B, No. 6, 1354-1356, Jun. 2007.
doi:10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.6.1354
30. Chen, H.-Y. and H. Yang, "SAR affected by shapes and electrical properities of the human head exposed to the cellular phone," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 42, No. 1, 1-4, Jul. 2004.
doi:10.1002/mop.20189
31. Yoshida, K., A. Hirata, Z. Kawasaki, and T. Shiozawa, "Human head modeling for handset antenna design at 5 GHz band," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 19, No. 3, 401-411, 2005.
doi:10.1163/1569393054139679
32. Mahmoud, K. R., M. El-Adawy, S. M. M. Ibrahem, R. Bansal, and S. H. Zainud-Deen, "Investigating the interaction between a human head and a smart handset for 4G mobile communication systems," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 2, 169-188, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERC08032405
33. Sanchez-Montero, R., S. Salcedo-Sanz, J. A. Portilla-Figueras, and R. Langley, "Hybrid pifa-patch antenna optimized by evolutionary programming," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 108, 221-234, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10072804
34. Kennedy, J. and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 4, 1942-1948, Perth, Australia, 1995.
35. Nelder, J. A. and R. Mead, "A simplex method for function minimization," Computer Journal, Vol. 7, 308-313, 1965.
36. Atef, E. and V. Demir, The Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Electromagnetics: With MATLAB Simulations, Har/Cdr Edition, SciTech Publishing, 2009.
37. CST Microwave Studio Suite 2011 User's Manual, www.cst.com.
38. Gabriel, S., R. W. Lau, and C. Gabriel, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz ," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 41, 2251-2269, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/002