submit Submit login
Vol. 130
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERM 132 [2025] PIERM 131 [2025] PIERM 130 [2024] PIERM 129 [2024] PIERM 128 [2024] PIERM 127 [2024] PIERM 126 [2024] PIERM 125 [2024] PIERM 124 [2024] PIERM 123 [2024] PIERM 122 [2023] PIERM 121 [2023] PIERM 120 [2023] PIERM 119 [2023] PIERM 118 [2023] PIERM 117 [2023] PIERM 116 [2023] PIERM 115 [2023] PIERM 114 [2022] PIERM 113 [2022] PIERM 112 [2022] PIERM 111 [2022] PIERM 110 [2022] PIERM 109 [2022] PIERM 108 [2022] PIERM 107 [2022] PIERM 106 [2021] PIERM 105 [2021] PIERM 104 [2021] PIERM 103 [2021] PIERM 102 [2021] PIERM 101 [2021] PIERM 100 [2021] PIERM 99 [2021] PIERM 98 [2020] PIERM 97 [2020] PIERM 96 [2020] PIERM 95 [2020] PIERM 94 [2020] PIERM 93 [2020] PIERM 92 [2020] PIERM 91 [2020] PIERM 90 [2020] PIERM 89 [2020] PIERM 88 [2020] PIERM 87 [2019] PIERM 86 [2019] PIERM 85 [2019] PIERM 84 [2019] PIERM 83 [2019] PIERM 82 [2019] PIERM 81 [2019] PIERM 80 [2019] PIERM 79 [2019] PIERM 78 [2019] PIERM 77 [2019] PIERM 76 [2018] PIERM 75 [2018] PIERM 74 [2018] PIERM 73 [2018] PIERM 72 [2018] PIERM 71 [2018] PIERM 70 [2018] PIERM 69 [2018] PIERM 68 [2018] PIERM 67 [2018] PIERM 66 [2018] PIERM 65 [2018] PIERM 64 [2018] PIERM 63 [2018] PIERM 62 [2017] PIERM 61 [2017] PIERM 60 [2017] PIERM 59 [2017] PIERM 58 [2017] PIERM 57 [2017] PIERM 56 [2017] PIERM 55 [2017] PIERM 54 [2017] PIERM 53 [2017] PIERM 52 [2016] PIERM 51 [2016] PIERM 50 [2016] PIERM 49 [2016] PIERM 48 [2016] PIERM 47 [2016] PIERM 46 [2016] PIERM 45 [2016] PIERM 44 [2015] PIERM 43 [2015] PIERM 42 [2015] PIERM 41 [2015] PIERM 40 [2014] PIERM 39 [2014] PIERM 38 [2014] PIERM 37 [2014] PIERM 36 [2014] PIERM 35 [2014] PIERM 34 [2014] PIERM 33 [2013] PIERM 32 [2013] PIERM 31 [2013] PIERM 30 [2013] PIERM 29 [2013] PIERM 28 [2013] PIERM 27 [2012] PIERM 26 [2012] PIERM 25 [2012] PIERM 24 [2012] PIERM 23 [2012] PIERM 22 [2012] PIERM 21 [2011] PIERM 20 [2011] PIERM 19 [2011] PIERM 18 [2011] PIERM 17 [2011] PIERM 16 [2011] PIERM 14 [2010] PIERM 13 [2010] PIERM 12 [2010] PIERM 11 [2010] PIERM 10 [2009] PIERM 9 [2009] PIERM 8 [2009] PIERM 7 [2009] PIERM 6 [2009] PIERM 5 [2008] PIERM 4 [2008] PIERM 3 [2008] PIERM 2 [2008] PIERM 1 [2008]
2024-12-31
Development of Fractal 5G MIMO Antenna for Sub 6 GHz Wireless Automotive Applications
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 130, 121-128, 2024
Abstract
Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antennas have garnered significant attention for addressing the demands of high channel capacity, reliable and uninterrupted signal transmission, and high data rates, especially with recent advancements in 5G low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications. In addition to these features, automotive applications require antennas with minimal mutual coupling, high gain, multiple resonant frequencies, and compact size for user equipment. To meet these requirements, a 1×2 defected ground structure (DGS)-based fractal MIMO antenna array is proposed, covering various frequencies in the sub-6 GHz bands, including 0.7 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 3.1 GHz, and 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna provides sufficient channel bandwidths and achieves a gain of 12.9 dBi in the n78 frequency band. The design has been fabricated, and the measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones. Moreover, the proposed antenna design can be integrated into the plastic parts of a car body, offering various automotive applications. It achieves a realistic data rate of approximately 10-12 Mbit/s, as verified through link budget calculations that consider the key parameters of LEO satellite systems.
Citation
Ashish Kumar, Gurmeet Singh, Muhannad Kaml Abdulhameed, Sarah Rafil Hashim, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Development of Fractal 5G MIMO Antenna for Sub 6 GHz Wireless Automotive Applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 130, 121-128, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERM24102403
References

1. Benkhadda, Omaima, Mohamed Saih, Sarosh Ahmad, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, Zahriladha Zakaria, Kebir Chaji, and Abdelati Reha, "A miniaturized tri-wideband sierpinski hexagonal-shaped fractal antenna for wireless communication applications," Fractal and Fractional, Vol. 7, No. 2, 115, 2023.

2. 3GPP TS 38.101-4, "Technical specifications group radio access network; NR; User equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; part 4: performance requirements," v.17.3.0, 2022.

3. Del Portillo, Inigo, Bruce G. Cameron, and Edward F. Crawley, "A technical comparison of three low earth orbit satellite constellation systems to provide global broadband," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 159, 123-135, 2019.

4. Elabd, Rania Hamdy and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Design and optimization of a circular ring-shaped UWB fractal antenna for wireless multi-band applications using particle swarm optimization," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 106, 101-112, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERB24033002

5. Abdullah Al-Gburi, Ahmed Jamal, "5G MIMO antenna: Compact design at 28/38 GHz with metamaterial and SAR analysis for mobile phones," Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 2024, No. 4, 171-174, 2024.

6. Sim, Chow-Yen-Desmond, Heng-You Liu, and Ci-Jin Huang, "Wideband MIMO antenna array design for future mobile devices operating in the 5G NR frequency bands n77/n78/n79 and LTE band 46," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 19, No. 1, 74-78, Jan. 2020.

7. Kumar, Ashish, Hans-Peter Petry, Umais Tayyab, and Matthias A. Hein, "Link budget considerations for automotive 5G LEO satellite-based communications," 2022 IEEE USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), 106-107, Denver, CO, USA, 2022.

8. Arif, Ali, Muhammad Zubair, Mubasher Ali, Muhammad Umar Khan, and Muhammad Qasim Mehmood, "A compact, low-profile fractal antenna for wearable on-body WBAN applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 18, No. 5, 981-985, May 2019.

9. Kumar, Praveen, Ajit Kumar Singh, Ranjeet Kumar, Santosh Kumar Mahto, Pravesh Pal, Rashmi Sinha, Arvind Choubey, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Design and analysis of low profile stepped feedline with dual circular patch MIMO antenna and stub loaded partial ground plane for wireless applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 140, 135-144, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERC23121201

10. Pedram, Kioumars, Javad Nourinia, Changiz Ghobadi, Negin Pouyanfar, and Mohsen Karamirad, "Compact and miniaturized metamaterial-based microstrip fractal antenna with reconfigurable qualification," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 114, 152959, 2020.

11. Thakur, Ekta, Anupma Gupta, Muhannad K. Abdulhameed, Aymen D. Khaleel, and Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, "Microstrip antenna with two elements and defected ground structure for 5G mobile applications at 28/38 GHz," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 146, 177-185, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIERC24062403

12. Chouhan, Sanjay, Debendra Kumar Panda, Vivek Singh Kushwah, and Sarthak Singhal, "Spider-shaped fractal MIMO antenna for WLAN/WiMAX/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/C-band applications," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 110, 152871, 2019.

13. Khalid, Mahnoor, Syeda Iffat Naqvi, Niamat Hussain, MuhibUr Rahman, Fawad, Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi, Muhammad Jamil Khan, and Yasar Amin, "4-port MIMO antenna with defected ground structure for 5G millimeter wave applications," Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 71, 2020.

14. Desai, Arpan, Merih Palandoken, Jayshri Kulkarni, Gangil Byun, and Truong Khang Nguyen, "Wideband flexible/transparent connected-ground MIMO antennas for sub-6 GHz 5G and WLAN applications," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 147003-147015, 2021.

15. Addepalli, Tathababu, Arpan Desai, Issa Elfergani, N. Anveshkumar, Jayshri Kulkarni, Chemseddine Zebiri, Jonathan Rodriguez, and Raed Abd-Alhameed, "8-port semi-circular arc MIMO antenna with an inverted L-strip loaded connected ground for UWB applications," Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 12, 1476, 2021.

16. Li, Hui, Jiang Xiong, and Sailing He, "A compact planar MIMO antenna system of four elements with similar radiation characteristics and isolation structure," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, 1107-1110, 2009.

17. Rian, I. and Mario Sassone, "Fractal-based generative design of structural trusses using iterated function system," International Journal of Space Structures, Vol. 29, No. 4, 181-203, 2014.

18. ETSI, "TS 38.101-1: NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone (18.3.0 ed.). 3GPP,", 2023.

19. Azim, Rezaul, Touhidul Alam, Liton Chandra Paul, Rumi Aktar, A. K. M. Moinul Hoque Meaze, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam, "Low profile multi-slotted patch antenna for lower 5G application," 2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), 366-369, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2020.

20. Sarkar, Debdeep and Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava, "A compact four-element MIMO/diversity antenna with enhanced bandwidth," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 16, 2469-2472, 2017.

21. Dhasarathan, Vigneswaran, Truong Khang Nguyen, Manish Sharma, Shobhit K. Patel, Sudesh Kumar Mittal, and M. Thurai Pandian, "Design, analysis and characterization of four port multiple-input-multiple-output UWB-X band antenna with band rejection ability for wireless network applications," Wireless Networks, Vol. 26, 4287-4302, 2020.

22. Kumar, Gurpreet and Rajeev Kumar, "A survey on planar ultra-wideband antennas with band notch characteristics: Principle, design, and applications," AEU --- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 109, 76-98, 2019.