volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Emerging technologies in future 6G mobile systems are expected to achieve unprecedented access rates and network capacity, but are hindered by high hardware cost and complexity, especially in terms of RF chain requirements. The wireless communication paradigm enabled by programmable metasurfaces, which leverages their ability to precisely manipulate electromagnetic waves, facilitates RF chain-free transmitters and spatial down-conversion receivers, revolutionizing wireless transceiver architectures by simplifying hardware complexity and reducing costs. In this review, we provide the recent advances of intelligent metasurfaces in the applications of wireless communication. We firstly summarize the mainstream realizations of reconfigurable metasurfaces at microwave and then focus on the advances of intelligent metasurfaces with spatial/spatiotemporal modulations. We conclude by analysing the challenges in this research area and surveying new possible directions.

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63. Xu, Jiawen, Rong Zhang, Jie Ma, Hanting Zhao, and Lianlin Li, "In-situ manipulation of wireless link with reinforcement-learning-driven programmable metasurface in indoor environment," Journal of Information and Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 3, 217-227, 2023.

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65. Zhu, Xiaoyue, Chao Qian, Jie Zhang, Yuetian Jia, Yaxiong Xu, Mingmin Zhao, Minjian Zhao, Fengzhong Qu, and Hongsheng Chen, "On-demand doppler-offset beamforming with intelligent spatiotemporal metasurfaces," Nanophotonics, Vol. 13, No. 8, 1351-1360, 2023.

66. Zhang, Lei, Ming Zheng Chen, Wankai Tang, Jun Yan Dai, Long Miao, Xiao Yang Zhou, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "A wireless communication scheme based on space-and frequency-division multiplexing using digital metasurfaces," Nature Electronics, Vol. 4, No. 3, 218-227, 2021.

67. Zhu, Xiaoyue, Chao Qian, Yuetian Jia, Jieting Chen, Yuan Fang, Zhixiang Fan, Jie Zhang, Dongdong Li, Reza Abdi-Ghaleh, and Hongsheng Chen, "Realization of index modulation with intelligent spatiotemporal metasurfaces," Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol. 5, No. 7, 2300065, 2023.

68. Zheng, Yilin, Ke Chen, Zhiyuan Xu, Na Zhang, Jian Wang, Junming Zhao, and Yijun Feng, "Metasurface-assisted wireless communication with physical level information encryption," Advanced Science, Vol. 9, No. 34, 2204558, 2022.

69. Qian, Chao and Hongsheng Chen, "A perspective on the next generation of invisibility cloaks --- Intelligent cloaks," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 118, No. 18, 180501, 2021.

70. Jia, Yuetian, Chao Qian, Zhixiang Fan, Yinzhang Ding, Zhedong Wang, Dengpan Wang, Er-Ping Li, Bin Zheng, Tong Cai, and Hongsheng Chen, "In situ customized illusion enabled by global metasurface reconstruction," Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 32, No. 19, 2109331, 2022.

71. Wu, Nanxuan, Yuetian Jia, Chao Qian, and Hongsheng Chen, "Pushing the limits of metasurface cloak using global inverse design," Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 11, No. 7, 2202130, 2023.

72. Wang, Zhedong, Chao Qian, Pujing Lin, Bin Zheng, Gyeongtae Kim, Jaebum Noh, Erping Li, Junsuk Rho, and Hongsheng Chen, "3D intelligent cloaked vehicle equipped with thousand-level reconfigurable full-polarization metasurfaces," Advanced Materials, Vol. 36, No. 31, 2400797, 2024.

73. Qian, Chao, Yuetian Jia, Zhedong Wang, Jieting Chen, Pujing Lin, Xiaoyue Zhu, Erping Li, and Hongsheng Chen, "Autonomous aeroamphibious invisibility cloak with stochastic-evolution learning," Advanced Photonics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 016001, 2024.

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76. Wang, Zhedong, Chao Qian, Tong Cai, Longwei Tian, Zhixiang Fan, Jian Liu, Yichen Shen, Li Jing, Jianming Jin, Er-Ping Li, Bin Zheng, and Hongsheng Chen, "Demonstration of spider-eyes-like intelligent antennas for dynamically perceiving incoming waves," Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol. 3, No. 9, 2100066, 2021.

77. Huang, Min, Ruichen Li, Yijun Zou, Bin Zheng, Chao Qian, Hui Jin, and Hongsheng Chen, "A comprehensive review of metasurface-assisted direction-of-arrival estimation," Nanophotonics, Vol. 13, No. 24, 4381-4396, 2024.

78. Wang, Hao, Ziyu Zhan, Futai Hu, Yuan Meng, Zeqi Liu, Xing Fu, and Qiang Liu, "Intelligent optoelectronic processor for orbital angular momentum spectrum measurement," PhotoniX, Vol. 4, No. 1, 9, 2023.

79. Zhang, Jie, Chao Qian, Jieting Chen, Bei Wu, and Hongsheng Chen, "Uncertainty qualification for metasurface design with amendatory Bayesian network," Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2200807, 2023.

80. Zhen, Zheng, Chao Qian, Yuetian Jia, Zhixiang Fan, Ran Hao, Tong Cai, Bin Zheng, Hongsheng Chen, and Erping Li, "Realizing transmitted metasurface cloak by a tandem neural network," Photonics Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, B229-B235, 2021.

81. Jia, Yuetian, Chao Qian, Zhixiang Fan, Tong Cai, Er-Ping Li, and Hongsheng Chen, "A knowledge-inherited learning for intelligent metasurface design and assembly," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 12, No. 1, 82, 2023.

82. Jia, Yuetian, Zhixiang Fan, Chao Qian, Philipp del Hougne, and Hongsheng Chen, "Dynamic inverse design of broadband metasurfaces with synthetical neural networks," Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 18, No. 10, 2400063, 2024.

83. Lin, Pujing, Chao Qian, Yuetian Jia, Zhedong Wang, Bei Wu, Jiangtao Huangfu, and Hongsheng Chen, "Assembling reconfigurable intelligent metasurfaces with synthetic neural network," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 6, 5252-5260, 2024.

84. Chen, Jieting, Chao Qian, Jie Zhang, Yuetian Jia, and Hongsheng Chen, "Correlating metasurface spectra with a generation-elimination framework," Nature Communications, Vol. 14, No. 1, 4872, 2023.

85. Lin, Pujing, Chao Qian, Jie Zhang, Jieting Chen, Xiaoyue Zhu, Zhedong Wang, Jiangtao Huangfu, and Hongsheng Chen, "Enabling intelligent metasurfaces for semi-known input," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 178, 83-91, 2023.
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86. Wang, Z., et al., "Robust large-scale metasurface inverse design using phaseless data with invertible neural network," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 73, 432-440, 2025.

87. Venkatesh, Suresh, Xuyang Lu, Bingjun Tang, and Kaushik Sengupta, "Secure space-time-modulated millimetre-wave wireless links that are resilient to distributed eavesdropper attacks," Nature Electronics, Vol. 4, No. 11, 827-836, 2021.

88. Sun, Shi, Yue Gou, Tie Jun Cui, and Hui Feng Ma, "High-security nondeterministic encryption communication based on spin-space-frequency multiplexing metasurface," PhotoniX, Vol. 5, No. 1, 38, 2024.

89. Zhu, Sheng-Ke, Ze-Huan Zheng, Weijia Meng, Shan-Shan Chang, Yingling Tan, Lu-Jian Chen, Xinyuan Fang, Min Gu, and Jin-Hui Chen, "Harnessing disordered photonics via multi-task learning towards intelligent four-dimensional light field sensors," PhotoniX, Vol. 4, No. 1, 26, 2023.

90. Xu, Yaxiong, Bei Wu, Hui Jin, Chao Qian, and Hongsheng Chen, "Multimodality image segmentation embedded with metasurface encoder," Annalen Der Physik, Vol. 536, No. 8, 2400017, 2024.

91. Zhou, Hailong, Jianji Dong, Junwei Cheng, Wenchan Dong, Chaoran Huang, Yichen Shen, Qiming Zhang, Min Gu, Chao Qian, Hongsheng Chen, Zhichao Ruan, and Xinliang Zhang, "Photonic matrix multiplication lights up photonic accelerator and beyond," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 11, No. 1, 30, 2022.

92. Qian, Chao, Xiao Lin, Xiaobin Lin, Jian Xu, Yang Sun, Erping Li, Baile Zhang, and Hongsheng Chen, "Performing optical logic operations by a diffractive neural network," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, 59, 2020.

93. Tan, Qingze, Chao Qian, Tong Cai, Bin Zheng, and Hongsheng Chen, "Solving multivariable equations with tandem metamaterial kernels," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 175, 139-147, 2022.
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94. Qian, Chao and Hongsheng Chen, "The rise of intelligent adaptive metasurfaces," Journal of Optics, Vol. 27, No. 1, 012501, 2025.

Dr. Hui Jin