Search search
submit Submit
Publication Date
to
Vol. 179
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
All Journals
PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters
2024-06-23
Wave Manipulation with mmWave Wide Bandwidth and Extensive Spatial Coverage Using 1-Bit Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
By
Saiful Islam,

    Mr. Saiful Islam

    Department of Electronic Engineering

    Hanyang University

    South Korea

    Homepage

Van Linh Pham,

    Mr. Van Linh Pham

    Department of Electronic Engineering

    Hanyang University

    South Korea

    Homepage

Tae Hwan Jang,

    Dr. Tae Hwan Jang

    Department of Electrical Engineering

    Hanyang University ERICA

    Korea

    Homepage

Hyoungsuk Yoo

    Dr. Hyoungsuk Yoo

    Department of Electronic Engineering

    Hanyang University

    South Korea

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 179, 83-94, 2024
doi:10.2528/PIER24051001
Abstract
We present an advanced approach to wave manipulation utilizing mmWave wide bandwidth, enhanced gain, and extensive spatial coverage through a 1-bit stacked patch reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). The RIS was designed on a four-layer board based on RO4350B, featuring a stacked patch on the front and phase-shifter components with a biasing line on the back of board. This sophisticated RIS comprises 400 elements, with a total array size of 100 × 100 mm2, providing a remarkable bandwidth of 7.02 GHz to cover the n257 band. Through a meticulous blend of simulations and real-world implementation, we emphasize the adaptability of the RIS in steering beams, maintaining a minimum gain variation and ensuring the gain of 21.03 to 15.17 dBi up to ±80˚ beam steering on normal incidence. Our study explores various beam manipulation scenarios, including near-to-far-field, far-to-far-field, and far-to-near-field transformations. The successful fabrication of the proposed RIS, combined with communication performance tests across the n257 band, underscores the practical applicability and robust performance of the system in real-world scenarios, thereby ensuring link throughput. The comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the design, simulation, fabrication, and performance evaluation of mmWave RIS. The successful integration of theoretical insights with empirical validations positions the present study at the forefront of mmWave innovation, with significant implications for the future of various research and wireless communication technologies.
Citation
Saiful Islam, Van Linh Pham, Tae Hwan Jang, and Hyoungsuk Yoo, "Wave Manipulation with mmWave Wide Bandwidth and Extensive Spatial Coverage Using 1-Bit Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 179, 83-94, 2024.
doi:10.2528/PIER24051001
References

1. Basar, Ertugrul, Marco Di Renzo, Julien De Rosny, Merouane Debbah, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, and Rui Zhang, "Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 116753-116773, 2019.

2. ElMossallamy, Mohamed A., Hongliang Zhang, Lingyang Song, Karim G. Seddik, Zhu Han, and Geoffrey Ye Li, "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for wireless communications: Principles, challenges, and opportunities," IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, Vol. 6, No. 3, 990-1002, 2020.

3. Lin, Pujing, Chao Qian, Jie Zhang, Jieting Chen, Xiaoyue Zhu, Zhedong Wang, Jiangtao Huangfu, and Hongsheng Chen, "Enabling intelligent metasurfaces for semi-known input," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 178, 83-91, 2023.

4. Liu, Yuanwei, Xiao Liu, Xidong Mu, Tianwei Hou, Jiaqi Xu, Marco Di Renzo, and Naofal Al-Dhahir, "Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Principles and opportunities," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1546-1577, 2021.

5. Tang, Wankai, Ming Zheng Chen, Xiangyu Chen, Jun Yan Dai, Yu Han, Marco Di Renzo, Yong Zeng, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "Wireless communications with reconfigurable intelligent surface: Path loss modeling and experimental measurement," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 20, No. 1, 421-439, 2021.

6. Zhou, Enyu, Yongzhi Cheng, Fu Chen, Hui Luo, and Xiangcheng Li, "Low-profile high-gain wideband multi-resonance microstrip-fed slot antenna with anisotropic metasurface," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 175, 91-104, 2022.

7. Yuan, Xiaojun, Ying-Jun Angela Zhang, Yuanming Shi, Wenjing Yan, and Hang Liu, "Reconfigurable-intelligent-surface empowered wireless communications: Challenges and opportunities," IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 28, No. 2, 136-143, 2021.

8. Ji, Wenye, Jin Chang, He-Xiu Xu, Jian Rong Gao, Simon Gröblacher, H. Paul Urbach, and Aurèle J. L. Adam, "Recent advances in metasurface design and quantum optics applications with machine learning, physics-informed neural networks, and topology optimization methods," Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 12, No. 1, 169, 2023.

9. El Badawe, Mohamed and Omar M. Ramahi, "Efficient metasurface rectenna for electromagnetic wireless power transfer and energy harvesting," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 161, 35-40, 2018.

10. Ahmed, Fahad, Tayyab Hassan, Noureddine Melouki, Hassan Naseri, Peyman PourMohammadi, Amjad Iqbal, and Tayeb A. Denidni, "A multi-bit and frequency-reconfigurable reflecting surface for RIS applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 23, No. 2, 653-657, 2023.

11. Li, Hai-Peng, Guang-Ming Wang, Jian-Gang Liang, and Xiang-Jun Gao, "Wideband multifunctional metasurface for polarization conversion and gain enhancement," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 155, 115-125, 2016.

12. Wu, Lijie, Kai Lou, Junchen Ke, Jingcheng Liang, Zhangjie Luo, Jun Yan Dai, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui, "A wideband amplifying reconfigurable intelligent surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 11, 10623-10631, 2022.

13. Xia, Dexiao, Xin Wang, Jiaqi Han, Hao Xue, Gongxu Liu, Yan Shi, Long Li, and Tie Jun Cui, "Accurate 2-D DoA estimation based on active metasurface with nonuniformly periodic time modulation," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 71, No. 8, 3424-3435, 2023.

14. Ouyang, Ming, Feifei Gao, Yucong Wang, Shun Zhang, Puchu Li, and Jian Ren, "Computer vision-aided reconfigurable intelligent surface-based beam tracking: Prototyping and experimental results," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 22, No. 12, 8681-8693, 2023.

15. Cao, Xianbo, Qiang Chen, Toru Tanaka, Masaki Kozai, and Hiroya Minami, "A 1-bit time-modulated reflectarray for reconfigurable-intelligent-surface applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2396-2408, 2023.

16. Ning, Yuanfan, Shichao Zhu, Hongbo Chu, Qi Zou, Chao Zhang, Jinxin Li, Pei Xiao, and Gaosheng Li, "1-bit low-cost electronically reconfigurable reflectarray and phased array based on p-i-n diodes for dynamic beam scanning," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2007-2012, 2023.

17. Mei, Peng, Shuai Zhang, and Gert Frølund Pedersen, "A low-cost, high-efficiency and full-metal reflectarray antenna with mechanically 2-D beam-steerable capabilities for 5G applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 68, No. 10, 6997-7006, 2020.

18. Hu, Ao, Keisuke Konno, Qiang Chen, and Toru Takahashi, "A highly efficient 1-bit reflectarray antenna using electromagnets-controlled elements," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 1, 506-517, 2023.

19. Wu, Fan, Rong Lu, Jingxue Wang, Zhi Hao Jiang, Wei Hong, and Kwai-Man Luk, "A circularly polarized 1 bit electronically reconfigurable reflectarray based on electromagnetic element rotation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 69, No. 9, 5585-5595, 2021.

20. Liang, Jing Cheng, Qiang Cheng, Yuan Gao, Cong Xiao, Shang Gao, Lei Zhang, Shi Jin, and Tie Jun Cui, "An angle-insensitive 3-bit reconfigurable intelligent surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 10, 8798-8808, 2022.

21. Han, Jiaqi, Long Li, Shuncheng Tian, Guangyao Liu, Haixia Liu, and Yan Shi, "Millimeter-wave imaging using 1-bit programmable metasurface: Simulation model, design, and experiment," IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, Vol. 10, No. 1, 52-61, 2020.

22. Xi, Bin, Yu Xiao, Hongwei Dong, Meng Xiang, Fan Yang, and Zengping Chen, "Low-profile wideband 1-bit reconfigurable transmitarray with 2-D beam-scanning capacity," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 4, 3228-3237, 2023.

23. Kim, Hogyeom, Seongwoog Oh, Seungwoo Bang, Hyunjun Yang, Byeongjin Kim, and Jungsuek Oh, "Independently polarization manipulable liquid-crystal-based reflective metasurface for 5G reflectarray and reconfigurable intelligent surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 8, 6606-6616, 2023.

24. Youn, Youngno, Donggeun An, Daehyeon Kim, Myeonggin Hwang, Hyengcheul Choi, Byounggwan Kang, and Wonbin Hong, "Liquid crystal-driven reconfigurable intelligent surface with cognitive sensors for self-sustainable operation," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 12, 9415-9423, 2023.

25. Wu, Xiangming, Zhenfei Li, Zhengping Zhang, Xiong Wang, Liming Si, and Weiren Zhu, "Mechanically reconfigurable folded reflectarray antenna for variable near-field focusing," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 12, 10038-10043, 2023.

26. Yu, Hang, Ziyu Zhang, Jianxun Su, Meijun Qu, Zengrui Li, Shenheng Xu, and Fan Yang, "Quad-polarization reconfigurable reflectarray with independent beam scanning and polarization switching capabilities," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 9, 7285-7298, 2023.

27. Pei, Xilong, Haifan Yin, Li Tan, Lin Cao, Zhanpeng Li, Kai Wang, Kun Zhang, and Emil Björnson, "RIS-aided wireless communications: Prototyping, adaptive beamforming, and indoor/outdoor field trials," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 69, No. 12, 8627-8640, 2021.

28. Dai, Linglong, Bichai Wang, Min Wang, Xue Yang, Jingbo Tan, Shuangkaisheng Bi, Shenheng Xu, Fan Yang, Zhi Chen, Marco Di Renzo, Chan-Byoung Chae, and Lajos Hanzo, "Reconfigurable intelligent surface-based wireless communications: Antenna design, prototyping, and experimental results," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 45913-45923, 2020.

29. Ma, Xiangjin, Jiaqi Han, Tong Wang, Silong Chen, Yajie Mu, Haixia Liu, and Long Li, "Design and rectangular waveguide validation of 2-bit wideband reconfigurable reflective metasurface element in X-band," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 1, 4-8, 2023.

30. Hu, Wang Sheng, Yong Han Liu, Chao Yue Gong, Shi Yu Wang, and Yun Bo Li, "Dual-frequency co-aperture control of beam scanning by programmable metasurface," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 12, 3013-3017, 2023.

31. Luyen, Hung, Zongtang Zhang, John H. Booske, and Nader Behdad, "Wideband, beam-steerable reflectarray antennas exploiting electronically reconfigurable polarization-rotating phase shifters," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70, No. 6, 4414-4425, 2022.

32. Liu, Zhang-Fa, Pang-Shyan Kooi, Le-Wei Li, Mook-Seng Leong, and Tat-Soon Yeo, "A method for designing broad-band microstrip antennas in multilayered planar structures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, No. 9, 1416-1420, 1999.

33. MACOM "MADP-000907-14020p," Available:https://www.macom.com/products/product-detail/MADP-000907-14020P.

34. Amri, Muhammad Miftahul, Nguyen Minh Tran, and Kae Won Choi, "Reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided wireless communications: Adaptive beamforming and experimental validations," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 147442-147457, 2021.

35. Ning, Yuanfan, Shichao Zhu, Hongbo Chu, Qi Zou, Chao Zhang, Jinxin Li, Pei Xiao, and Gaosheng Li, "1-bit low-cost electronically reconfigurable reflectarray and phased array based on p-i-n diodes for dynamic beam scanning," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2007-2012, 2023.

36. Kashyap, Bharath G., Panagiotis C. Theofanopoulos, Yiran Cui, and Georgios C. Trichopoulos, "Mitigating quantization lobes in mmWave low-bit reconfigurable reflective surfaces," IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 1, 604-614, 2020.

37. Vabichevich, Daniil, Andrei Belov, and Andrey Sayanskiy, "Suppression of quantization lobes in 1-bit reconfigurable intelligent surfaces," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 22, No. 12, 2808-2811, 2023.

38. Texas Instruments "SN74HCT595 8-bit shift register with tll-compatible cmos inputs and 3-state output registers," Available: https://www.ti.com/product/SN74HCT595.

39. Onsemi "MOSFETs | FDN306P P-Channel 1.8V Specified PowerTrench® MOSFET -12V, -2.6A, 40mOhm," Available: https://www.onsemi.com/products/discrete-power-modules/mosfets/FDN306P.

40. National Instruments "PXIe-3620 RF Upconverter and Downconverter Module," Available: https://www.ni.com/docs/en-US/bundle/mmwave-transceiver-system-specs/page/specs.html.

41. Liu, Changhao, Fan Yang, Shenheng Xu, and Maokun Li, "An E-band reconfigurable reflectarray antenna using p-i-n diodes for millimeter-wave communications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 71, No. 8, 6924–6929, 2023.

42. Wang, Ruiqi, Yiming Yang, Behrooz Makki, and Atif Shamim, "A wideband reconfigurable intelligent surface for 5G millimeter-wave applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 3, 2399-2410, 2024.

Download Full Article (622) View Full Article volume
The EM Academy piers.org jpier.org Who's Who in EM
Copyright © 2022 The Electromagnetics Academy. All Rights Reserved.