volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This work is devoted to the development of a high gain Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) reflector backed monopole antenna using Machine Learning (ML) techniques for 5G applications. It analyzes and solves the complexity of the determination of the optimum position of the FSS reflector and the ground dimension of the monopole in this composite antenna structure since there are no solid and standard formulations for the computation of these two parameters. ML modelling is involved in the development process for the sake of gain enhancement. It is applied to get the optimum position of the FSS reflector layer and the ground dimension of the monopole antenna. The proposed antenna structure is 50 mm × 50 mm, implemented on a Rogers 5880 substrate (thickness = 1.6 mm). Two different patch antenna structures, with and without FSS, are developed and considered in the current work. The antenna performance in terms of operating frequency, return loss, and gain is analysed using the finite element methods. The design is optimized for a targeting frequency band operating at 6 GHz (5.53 GHz to 6.36 GHz), which is suitable for 5G Sub-6 GHz applications. The obtained results show that the integration of the FSS layer below the antenna structure provides a simple and efficient method to obtain a low-profile and high-gain antenna. Finally, the proposed design is fabricated and measured, and a good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained. A comparison with similar studies in the literature is presented and shows that the current design is more compact in size, and the obtained radiation efficiency and gain are higher than other designs.

1. Zhao, W.-J., J. L.-W. Li, and K. Xiao, "Analysis of radiation characteristics of conformal microstrip arrays using adaptive integral method," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 60, No. 2, 1176-1181, 2012.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2173135

2. Li, J. L.-W., Y.-N. Li, T.-S. Yeo, J. R. Mosig, and O. J. F. Martin, "Addendum: ``A broadband and high-gain metamaterial microstrip antenna''," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 96, 164101, 2010; Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 99, 159901, 2011.
doi:10.1063/1.3396984

3. Abdulhasan, R. A., R. Alias, K. N. Ramli, F. C. Seman, and R. A. Abd-Alhameed, "High gain CPW-fed UWB planar monopole antenna-based compact uniplanar frequency selective surface for microwave imaging," Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., Vol. 29, No. 8, Art. No. e21757, 2019.

4. Zhao, W.-J., L.-W. Li, and K. Xiao, "Analysis of electromagnetic scattering and radiation from finite microstrip structures using an EFIE-PMCHWT formulation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 7, 2468-2473, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2048867

5. Yuan, N., T. S. Yeo, X. C. Nie, Y. B. Gan, and L.-W. Li, "Analysis of probe-fed conformal microstrip antennas on finite ground plane and substrate," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 2, 554-563, 2006.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.863115

6. Yin, W.-Y., X.-T. Dong, J. F. Mao, and L.-W. Li, "Average power handling capability of finite-ground thin film microstrip lines over ultrawide frequency ranges," IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett., Vol. 15, No. 10, 715-717, 2005.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2005.856829

7. Gao, S.-C., L.-W. Li, T.-S. Yeo, and M.-S. Leong, "A broad-band dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna with aperture coupling," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 51, No. 4, 898-900, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.811080

8. Yuan, N., T.-S. Yeo, X. C. Nie, and L.-W. Li, "A fast analysis of scattering and radiation of large microstrip antenna arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 51, No. 9, 2218-2226, 2003. A correction is also made here (appearing in IEEE T-AP, Vol. 52, No. 7, 1921, Jul. 2004.).
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.811082

9. Tahir, F. A., T. Arshad, S. Ullah, and J. A. Flint, "A novel FSS for gain enhancement of printed antennas in UWB frequency spectrum," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 59, No. 10, 2698-2704, Oct. 2017.
doi:10.1002/mop.30789

10. Monavar, F. M. and N. Komjani, "Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using jerusalem cross-shaped frequency selective surfaces by invasive weed optimization approach," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 121, 103-120, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11051305

11. Yuan, Y., X. Xi, and Y. Zhao, "Compact UWB FSS reflector for antenna gain enhancement," IET Microw., Antennas Propag., Vol. 13, No. 10, 1749-1755, Aug. 2019.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2019.0083

12. Rezaee, P., M. Tayarani, and R. Knöchel, "Active learning method for the determination of coupling factor and external Q in microstrip filter design," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 120, 459-479, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11071901

13. Al-Gburi, J. A., I. B. M. Ibrahim, M. Y. Zeain, and Z. Zakaria, "Compact size and high gain of CPW-fed UWB strawberry artistic shaped printed monopole antennas using FSS single layer reflector," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 92697-92707, 2020.

14. Asimakis, N. P., I. S. Karanasiou, and N. K. Uzunoglu, "Non-invasive microwave radiometric system for intracranial applications: A study using the conformal L-notch microstrip patch antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 83-101, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER10122208

15. Nakmouche, M. F., A. M. M. A. Allam, D. E. Fawzy, and D. B. Lin, "Low profile dual band H-slotted DGS based antenna design using ANN for K/Ku band applications," 2021 8th Int. Conf. Electr. Electron. Eng. ICEEE 2021, 2021.

16. Nakmouche, M. F., H. Taher, D. E. Fawzy, and A. M. M. A. Allam, "Development of a wideband substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter using H-slotted DGS," The 6th IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA), Oct. 2019.

17. Nakmoucheand, M. F. and M. Nassim, "Impact of metamaterials DGS in PIFA antennas for IoT terminals design," The 6th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing and Their Applications, Nov. 2019.

18. Nakmouche, M. F., A. M. M. A. Allam, D. E. Fawzy, H. Taher, and M. F. A. Sree, "Dual band SIW patch antenna based on H-slotted DGS for Ku band application," The 7th IEEE International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Apr. 2020.

19. Munk, B. A., Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, Wiley, 2000.
doi:10.1002/0471723770

20. Sakran, F. and Y. Neve-Oz, "Absorbing frequency-selective surface for the mm wave range," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, No. 8, 2649-2655, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.924701

21. Vardaxoglou, J. C., Frequency Selective Surfaces: Analysis and Design, Wiley, 1997.

22. Kim, J. H., C.-H. Ahn, and J.-K. Bang, "Antenna gain enhancement using a holey superstrate," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 64, No. 3, 1164-1167, Jan. 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2518650

23. Sarkhel, A. and S. R. B. Chaudhuri, "Enhanced-gain printed slot antenna using an electric metasurface superstrate," Appl. Phys. A, Vol. 122, 934, 2016.
doi:10.1007/s00339-016-0464-2

24. Fernandes, E. M. F., M. W. B. da Silva, L. da Silva Briggs, A. L. P. de Siqueira Campos, H. X. de Araújo, I. R. S. Casella, C. E. Capovilla, V. P. R. M. Souza, and L. J. de Matos, "2.4-5.8 GHz dual-band patch antenna with FSS reflector for radiation parameters enhancement," AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 108, 235-241, 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.06.021

25. Tilak, G. B. G., S. K. Kotamraju, B. T. P. Madhav, K. Ch. Sri Kavya, and M. Venkateswara Rao, "Dual sensed high gain heart shaped monopole antenna with planar artificial magnetic conductor," Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Jun. 2020.

26. Zhai, H., K. Zhang, S. Yang, and D. Feng, "A low-profile dual-band dual-polarized antenna with an AMC surface for WLAN applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 16, 2692-2695, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2741465

27. Liu, Q., H. Liu, W. He, and S. He, "A low-profile dual-band dual-polarized antenna with an AMC reflector for 5G communications," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 24072-24080, 2020.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2970473

28. Nakmouche, M. F., A. M. M. A. Allam, D. E. Fawzy, D. B. Lin, and M. F. A. Sree, "Development of H-slotted DGS based dual band antenna using ANN for 5G applications," 15th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag. (EuCap), 2021.

29. El Misilmani, H., T. Naous, and S. Al Khatib, "A review on the design and optimization of antennas using machine learning algorithms and techniques," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020.

30. Kumar, R., P. Kumar, S. Singh, and R. Vijay, "Fast and accurate synthesis of frequency reconfigurable slot antenna using back propagation network," AEU - Int. J. Electron. Commun., Vol. 112, 152962, 2019.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152962

31. Alemaryeen, A. and S. Noghanian, "Crumpling effects and specific absorption rates of flexible AMC integrated antennas," IET Microw., Antennas Propag., Vol. 12, No. 4, 627-635, Mar. 2018.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2017.0652

32. Jiang, Z. H., Z. Cui, T. Yue, Y. Zhu, and D. H. Werner, "Compact, highly efficient, and fully flexible circularly polarized antenna enabled by silver nanowires for wireless body-area networks," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., Vol. 11, No. 4, 920-932, Aug. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2671841

33. Abbasi, M. A. B., S. S. Nikolaou, M. A. Antoniades, M. N. Stevanovic, and P. Vryonides, "Compact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearable applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 65, No. 2, 453-463, Feb. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2635588

34. Jiang, Z. H., D. E. Brocker, P. E. Sieber, and D. H. Werner, "A compact, low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna for wearable medical body area network devices," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 62, No. 8, 4021-4030, Aug. 2014.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2327650

35. Raa, H. R., A. I. Abbosh, H. M. Al-Rizzo, and D. G. Rucker, "Flexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicine applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 61, No. 2, 524-531, Feb. 2013.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2012.2223449

36. Cook, B. S. and A. Shamim, "Utilizing wideband AMC structure for high-gain inkjet-printed antennas on lossy paper substrate," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 12, 76-79, 2013.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2240251

37. Ashyap, A. Y. I., et al. "Compact and low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearable medical applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 16, 2550-2553, 2017.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2732355

38. Poffelie, L. A. Y., P. J. Soh, S. Yan, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "A highfidelity all-textile UWB antenna with low back radiation for off-body WBAN applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 64, No. 2, 757-760, Feb. 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2510035

39. Simorangkir, R. B. V. B., A. Kiourti, and K. P. Esselle, "UWB wearable antenna with a full ground plane based on PDMS-embedded conductive fabric," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 17, No. 3, 493-496, Mar. 2018.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2018.2797251

Dr. Mohammed Farouk Nakmouche

Dr. Abdemegeed Mahmoud Allam

Dr. Diaa E. Fawzy

Prof. Ding-Bing Lin