volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a very simple technique that offers an extra degree of freedom to optimize the design of a tire dust-based absorber with reduced height. Cladding is a technique that is used to enhance the surface properties of a part, and it has been used in many applications for many years. In this technique, a clad layer is created on the core material, and the composition of the clad layer is adjusted to enhance the performance of the core material. We use a rice husk-clad layer to enhance the impedance matching characteristics of the low-loss, tire-dust core, microwave absorber. The overall design is a two-layer, geometrically-tapered, pyramidal structure composed of two lossy waste materials. Our main goal was to make the front surface less reflective (impedance matched), hence the material of the outer layer (clad) of the absorber was selected on the basis of the analysis of the dielectric properties of the candidate materials. Optimum thickness of the clad was obtained by using CST simulation software and found to be 12 mm, for which a reflectivity performance of less than -20 dB was achieved in the frequency range of 4 to 20 GHz. The results were found to be better than those provided by an earlier design of the absorber, which was composed of a mixture of tire dust and rice husks.

1. MIL-STD-461F "Requirements for the control of electromagnetic interference characteristics of subsystems and equipment,", Department of Defense Interface Standard, USA, 2007.

2. Tong, X. C., Advanced Materials and Design for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, 2009.

3. Glaser, J. I., "Stealthy antennas minimizing the radar cross section of an essential communication system component," The WSTIAC Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2008.

4. Ford, K. L. and B. Chambers, "Improvement in the low frequency performance of geometric transition radar absorbers using square loop impedance layers," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, No. 1, 133-141, Jan. 2008.

5. Ford, K. L., D. Holtby, and B. Chambers, "Pyramidal absorbers loaded with resistive FSS," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 4553-4556, 2007.

6. Nornikman, H., F. Malek, P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, F. H. Wee, and A. Hasnain, "Parametric studies of the pyramidal microwave absorber using rice husk," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 104, 145-166, 2010.

7. Nornikman, H., P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, M. R. N. Husna, and O. S. Liam, "Parametric study of pyramidal microwave absorber design," International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2008), Taipei, Taiwan, Oct. 27-30, 2008.

8. Nornikman, H., P. J. Soh, and A. A. H. Azremi, "Modeling simulation stage of pyramidal and wedge absorber microwave absorber design," 4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Near Field Characterization and Imaging (ICONIC' 09), 238-242, Taipei, Taiwan, Jun. 24-26, 2009.

9. Nornikman, H., P. J. Soh, and A. A. H. Azremi, "Performance simulation of pyramidal and wedge microwave absorbers," 3rd Asian Modeling Symposium (AMS 2009), 649-654, Bandung, Indonesia, May 25-26, 2009.

10. Nornikman, H., F. Malek, P. J. Soh, and A. A. H. Azremi, "Reflection loss performance of hexagonal base pyramid microwave absorber using different agricultural waste material," 2010 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, 313-316, Loughborough, UK, Nov. 8-9, 2010.

11. Nornikman, H., P. J. Soh, F. Malek, A. A. H. Azremi, F. H. Wee, and R. B. Ahmad, "Microwave wedge absorber design using rice husk --- An evaluation on placement variation," 2010 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 916-919, Beijing, China, Apr. 12-16, 2010.

12. Nornikman, H., F. Malek, P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, F. H. Wee, and A. Hasnain, "Setup and results of pyramidal microwave absorbers using rice husks," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 111, 141-161, 2011.

13. Nornikman, H., P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, F. H. Wee, and M. F. Malek, "Investigation of an agricultural waste as an alternative material for microwave absorbers," PIERS Online, Vol. 5, No. 6, 506-510, 2009.

14. Malek, F., E. M. Cheng, O. Nadiah, H. Nornikman, M. Ahmed, M. Z. A. A. Aziz, A. R. Othman, P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, A. Hasnain, and M. N. Taib, "Rubber tire dust-rice husk pyramidal microwave absorber," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 449-477, 2011.

15. Cheng, E. M., F. Malek, M. Ahmed, K. Y. You, K. Y. Lee, and H. Nornikman, "The use of dielectric mixture equations to analyze the dielectric properties of a mixture of rubber tire dust and rice husks in a microwave absorber," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 559-578, 2012.

16. Malek, F., H. Nornikman, and O. Nadiah, "Pyramidal microwave absorber design of waste material using rice husk and rubber tire dust," Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan.-Jun. 2012.

17. Wan Ab Karim Ghani, W. A., M. S. F. Abdullah, K. A. Matori, A. B. Alias, and G. da Silva, "Physical and thermochemical characterization of Malaysian biomass ashes," Journal --- The Institution of Engineers, Vol. 71, No. 3, Malaysia, Sep. 2010.

18. Wang, M. J., Y. F. Huang, P. T. Chiueh, W. H. Kuan, and S. L. Lo, "Microwave-induced torrefaction of rice husk and sugarcane residues," Energy, Vol. 37, 177-184, 2012.

19. Bantsis, G., S. Mavridou, C. Sikalidis, M. Betsiou, N. Oikonomou, and T. Yioultsis, "Comparison of low cost shielding-absorbing cement paste building materials in X-band frequency range using a variety of wastes," Ceramics International, Vol. 38, 3683-3692, 2012.

20. Aylon, E., A. Fernandez-Colino, R. Murillo, G. Grasa, M. V. Navarro, T. Garcia, and A. M. Mastral, "Waste tyre pyrolysis: Modeling of a moving bed reactor," Waste Management, Vol. 30, 2530-2536, 2010.

21. Hasar, U. C., "An accurate complex permittivity method for thin dielectric materials," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 91, 123-138, 2009.

22. Li, E., Z. P. Nie, G. Guo, Q. Zhang, Z. Li, and F. He, "Broadband measurement of dielectric properties of low-loss materials at high temperature using circular cavity method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 92, 103-120, 2009.

23. Hasar, , U. C., G. Akkaya, M. Aktan, C. Gozu, and A. C. Aydin, "Water-to-cement ratio prediction using anns from non-destructive and contactless microwave measurements," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 311-325, 2009.

24. Paez, E., M. A. Azpurua, C. Tremola, and R. C. Callarotti, "Uncertainty estimation in complex permittivity measurements by shielded dielectric resonator technique using the Monte Carlo method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 41, 101-119, 2012.

25. Qin, F. and C. Brosseau, "A review and analysis of microwave absorption in polymer composites filled with carbonaceous particles," J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 111, 061301, 2012.

26. Holloway, C. L., R. R. DeLyser, R. F. German, P. McKenna, and M. Kanda, "Comparison of electromagnetic absorber used in anechoic and semi-anechoic chambers for emissions and immunity testing of digital devices," IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat., Vol. 39, No. 1, 33-47, Feb. 1997.

Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal

Dr. Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek

Dr. Yeng Seng Lee

Ms. Liyana Zahid

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Hussain

Dr. Mohd Fariz bin Haji Abd Malek

Dr. Nur Fairuz Mohamed Yusof

Dr. Norshafinash Saudin

Dr. Noor Anida Abu Talib