Search search
submit Submit
Publication Date
to
Vol. 133
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
All Journals
PIER PIER B PIER C PIER M PIER Letters
2012-11-06
The Use of a Human Body Model to Determine the Variation of Path Losses in the Human Body Channel in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
By
Md. Rubel Basar,

    Dr. Md. Rubel Basar

    School of Computer and Communication Engineering

    University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek,

    Dr. Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek

    School of Computer and Communication Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Khairudi Mohd Juni,

    Dr. Khairudi Mohd Juni

    Electrical Engineering Department

    Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Mohd Iskandar Mohd Saleh,

    Dr. Mohd Iskandar Mohd Saleh

    Electrical Engineering Department

    Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Mohd Shaharom Idris,

    Dr. Mohd Shaharom Idris

    Electrical Engineering Department

    Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Latifah Mohamed,

    Dr. Latifah Mohamed

    School of Electrical Systems Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Norshafinash Saudin,

    Dr. Norshafinash Saudin

    School of Electrical Systems Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Nur Adyani Mohd Affendi,

    Dr. Nur Adyani Mohd Affendi

    School of Electrical Systems Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Azuwa Ali

    Mrs. Azuwa Ali

    School of Electrical Systems Engineering

    Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

    Malaysia

    Homepage

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 133, 495-513, 2013
doi:10.2528/PIER12091203
Abstract
Presently, wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is the sole technology for inspecting the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract for diseases painlessly and in a non-invasive way. For the further development of WCE, the main concern is the development of a high-speed telemetry system that is capable of transmitting high-resolution images at a higher frame rate, which is also a concern in the use of conventional endoscopy. A vital task for such a high-speed telemetry system is to be able to determine the path loss and how it varies in a radio channel in order to calculate the proper link budget. The hostile nature of the human body's channel and the complex anatomical structure of the GI tract cause remarkable variations in path loss at different frequencies of the system as well as at capsule locations that have high impacts on the calculation of the link budget. This paper presents the path loss and its variation in terms of system frequency and location of the capsule. Along with the guideline about the optimum system frequency for WCE, we present the difference between the maximum and minimum path loss at different anatomical regions, which is the most important information in the link-margin setup for highly efficient telemetry systems in next-generation capsules. In order to investigate the path loss in the body's channel, a heterogeneous human body model was used, which is more comparable to the human body than a homogenous model. The finite integration technique (FIT) in Computer Simulation Technology's (CST's) Microwave Studio was used in the simulation. The path loss was analyzed in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 2450 MHz. The path loss was found to be saliently lower at frequencies below 900 MHz. The smallest loss was found around the frequency of 450 MHz, where the variation of path loss throughout the GI tract was 29 dB, with a minimum of -9 dB and a maximum of -38 dB. However, at 900 MHz, this variation was observed to be 38 dB, with a minimum of -10 dB and a maximum of -48 dB. For most positions of the capsule, the path loss increased rapidly after 900 MHz, reaching its peak at frequencies in the range of 1800 MHz to 2100 MHz. During examination of the lower esophageal region, the maximum peak observed was -84 dB at a frequency of 1760 MHz. The path loss was comparatively higher during examination of anatomically-complex regions, such as the upper intestine and the lower esophagus as compared to the less complex stomach and upper esophagus areas.
Citation
Md. Rubel Basar, Mohd Fareq Bin Abd Malek, Khairudi Mohd Juni, Mohd Iskandar Mohd Saleh, Mohd Shaharom Idris, Latifah Mohamed, Norshafinash Saudin, Nur Adyani Mohd Affendi, and Azuwa Ali, "The Use of a Human Body Model to Determine the Variation of Path Losses in the Human Body Channel in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 133, 495-513, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12091203
References

1. Iddan, G., G. Meron, A. Glukhovsky, and P. Swain, "Wireless capsule endoscopy," Nature, Vol. 405, 417, May 2000.
doi:10.1038/35013140

2. Yu, M., "M2ATM capsule endoscopy: A breakthrough diagnostic tool for small intestine imaging ," Gastroenterology Nursing, Vol. 25, No. 1, 24-27, Feb. 2002.
doi:10.1097/00001610-200201000-00007

3. Pan, G. and L. Wang, "Swallowable wireless capsule endoscopy: Progress and technical challenges," Gastroenterology Research and Practice, Vol. 2012, 1-9, 2011.

4. Theilmann, P., M. A. Tassoudji, E. H. Teague, D. F. Kimball, and P. M. Asbeck, "Computationally efficient model for UWB signal attenuation due to propagation in tissue for biomedical implants," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 38, 1-22, 2012.

5. Chen, Z. and Y.-P. Zhang, "Effects of antennas and propagation channels on synchronization performance of a pulse-based ultra-wideband radio system," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 115, 95-112, 2011.

6. Phaebua, K., C. Phongcharoenpanich, M. Krairiksh, and T. Lertwiriyaprapa, "Path-loss prediction of radio wave propagation in an orchard by using modified UTD method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 347-363, 2012.

7. Anang, K. A., P. B. Rapajic, R. Wu, L. Bello, and T. I. Eneh, "Cellular system information capacity change at higher frequencies due to propagation loss and system parameters," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 44, 191-221, 2012.

8. Anang, K. A., P. B. Rapajic, L. Bello, and R. Wu, "Sensitivity of cellular wireless network performance to system & propagation parameters at carrier frequencies greater than 2 GHz," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 40, 31-54, 2012.

9. Van Laethem, B., F. Quitin, F. Bellens, C. Oestges, and P. de Doncker, "Correlation for multi-frequency propagaton in urban environments," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 29, 151-156, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERL11111701

10. Vidal, N., S. Curto, J. M. Lopez-Villegas, J. Sieiro, and F. M. Ramos, "Detuning study of implantable antennas inside the human body," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 265-283, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11120515

11. Gao, Y., Y. Zheng, S. Diao, W. Toh, C. Ang, M. Je, and C. Heng, "Low-power ultrawideband wireless telemetry transceiver for medical sensor applications ," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 58, No. 3, 768-772, Mar. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TBME.2010.2097262

12. Diao, S., Y. Zheng, Y. Gao, C. Heng, and M. Je, "A 7.2mW 15 Mbps ASK CMOS transmitter for ingestible capsule endoscopy," 2010 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), 512-515, 2010.
doi:10.1109/APCCAS.2010.5775071

13. Chi, B., J. Yao, S. Han, X. Xie, G. Li, and Z. Wang, "Low-power, high-data-rate wireless endoscopy transceiver," Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 38, 1070-1081, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2007.07.118

14. Kim, K., S. Yun, S. Lee, S. Nam, Y. Yoon, and C. Cheon, "A design of a high-speed and high-e±ciency capsule endoscopy system," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 59, No. 4, 1005-1011, Apr. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TBME.2011.2182050

15. Izdebski, P. M., H. Rajagopalan, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Conformal ingestible capsule antenna: A novel chandelier meandered design," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 4, 900-909, Apr. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2014598

16. Zulkefli, M. S., F. Malek, M. H. Mat, S. H. Ronald, and M. F. Jamlos, "A compact peanut-shaped printed antenna for bio-telemetric tablet system," 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICoBE), 454-457, Feb. 27-28, 2012.

17. Gabriel, C., S. Gabriel, and E. Corthout, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey," Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 41, 2231-2249, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/001

18. Gabriel, S., R. W. Lau, and C. Gabriel, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 20 GHz," Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 41, 2251-2269, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/002

19. Gabriely, S., R. W. Lau, and C. Gabriel, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues," Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 41, 2271-2293, 1996.
doi:10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/003

20. Ibrani, M., L. Ahma, E. Hamiti, and J. Haxhibeqiri, "Derivation of electromagnetic properties of child biological tissues at radio frequencies," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 25, 87-100, 2011.

21. Peyman, A., "Dielectric properties of tissues; variation with age and their relevance in exposure of children to electromagnetic fields; state of knowledge," Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 107, 434-438, 2011.
doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.007

22. Chirwa, L. C., P. A. Hammond, S. Roy, and D. R. S. Cumming, "Electromagnetic radiation from ingested sources in the human intestine between 150MHz and 1.2 GHz," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 50, No. 4, 484-492, Apr. 2003.
doi:10.1109/TBME.2003.809474

23. Jung, J. H., S. W. Kim, Y. S. Kim, and S. Y. Kim, "Electromagnetic propagation from the intestine-ingested source in the human body model," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 5, 1683-1688, May 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2044338

24. Vaccari, A., A. Cala' Lesina, L. Cristoforetti, and R. Pontalti, "Parallel implementation of a 3D subgridding FDTD algorithm for large simulations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 120, 263-292, 2011.

25. Guo, X.-M., Q.-X. Guo, W. Zhao, and W.-H. Yu, "Parallel FDTD simulation using NUMA acceleration technique," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 28, 1-8, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIERL11101706

26. Abbasi, Q. H., A. Sani, A. Alomainy, and Y. Hao, "Numerical characterization and modeling of subject-specific ultrawide-band body-centric radio channels and systems for healthcare applications," IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, Vol. 16, No. 2, 221-227, Mar. 2012.
doi:10.1109/TITB.2011.2177526

27. Takizawa, K., H. Hagiwara, and K. Hamaguchi, "Path-loss estimation of wireless channels in capsule endoscopy from X-ray CT images," 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Boston, 2242-2245, Massachusetts, USA, Aug. 30-Sep. 3.

28. Stoa, S., R. Chavez-Santiago, and I. Balasingham, "An ultra wideband communication channel model for the human abdominal region," 2010 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 246-250, Dec. 6-10, 2010.

29. Katircioglu, O., H. Isel, O. Ceylan, F. Taraktas, and H. B. Yagci, "Comparing ray tracing, free space path loss and logarithmic distance path loss models in success of indoor localization with RSSI," 2011 19th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), 313-316, Nov. 22-24, 2011.

30. Pozer, D. M., Microwave Engineering, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2005.

31. Hall, P. S. and Y. Hao, Antennas and Propagation for Body-centricwireless Communications, Artech House, 2006.

32. Iero, D. A. M., T. Isernia, A. F. Morabito, I. Catapano, and L. Crocco, "Optimal constrained field focusing for hyperthermia cancer therapy: A feasibility assessment on realistic phantoms," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 102, 125-141, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10011207

33. Mohsin, S. A., "Concentration of the specific absorption rate around deep brain stimulation electrodes during MRI," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 121, 469-484, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11022402

34. Zhang, M. and A. Alden, "Calculation of whole-body SAR from a 100MHz dipole antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 119, 133-153, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11052005

35. Kong, L.-Y., J. Wang, and W.-Y. Yin, "A novel dielectric conformal FDTD method for computing SAR distribution of the human body in a metallic cabin illuminated by an intentional electromagnetic pulse (IEMP)," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 126, 355-373, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11112702

36. Ronald, S. H., M. F. B. A. Malek, S. I. Syed Hassan, E. M. Cheng, M. H. Mat, M. S. Zulkefli, and S. F. Maharimi, "Designing asian-sized hand model for SAR determination at GSM900/1800: Simulation part," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 439-467, 2012.

37. Vrbova, B. and J. Vrba, "Microwave thermotherapy in cancer treatment: Evaluation of homogeneity of SAR distribution," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 129, 181-195, 2012.

38. Gemio, J., J. Parron, and J. Soler, "Human body effects on implantable antennas for ISM bands applications: Models comparison and propagation losses study," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 110, 437-452, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10102604

39. Online Document AboutHUGO Human Body Model, available: www.sonnetsoftware.com/pdf/cst/human body and radiator.pdf-d radiator.pdf.

40. Gjonaj, E., M. Bartsch, M. Clemens, S. Schupp, and T. Weiland, "High-resolution human anatomy models for advanced electromagnetic field computations," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , Vol. 38, No. 2, 357-360, Mar. 2002.
doi:10.1109/20.996096

41. CST User Interface for Hugo Human Body Model, [online] available: http://www.cst.com/Content/Applications/Article/HUGO+Human+Body+Model.

42. Klemm, M. and G. Troester, "EM energy absorption in the human body tissues due to UWB antennas," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 62, 261-280, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER06040601

43. Moglie, F., V. Mariani Primiani, and A. P. Pastore, "Modeling of the human exposure inside a random plane wave field," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 29, 251-267, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIERB11022506

44. Ott, H. W., Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2009.

45. Data sheet, Federal Communication Commission, [online], www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/dielec.sh-09/2002.

46. Iqbal, M. N., M. F. B. A. Malek, S. H. Ronald, M. S. Bin Mezan, K. M. Juni, and R. Chat, "A study of the EMC performance of a graded-impedance, microwave, rice-husk absorber," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 131, 19-44, 2012.

47. Vidal, N., S. Curto, J. M. Lopez-Villegas, J. Sieiro, and F. M. Ramos, "Detuning study of implantable antennas inside the human body," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 124, 265-283, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER11120515

48. Malek, M. F. B. A., E. M. Cheng, O. Nadiah, H. Nornikman, M. Ahmed, M. Z. A. Abd Aziz, A. R. Osman, P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, A. Hasnain, and M. N. Taib, "Rubber tire dust-rice husk pyramidal microwave absorber," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, 449-477, 2011.

49. Pues, H., Y. Arien, F. Demming-Janssen, and J. Dauwen, "Numerical evaluation of absorber reflectivity in an artificial waveguide," 2009 20th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 409-412, Jan. 12-16, 2009.

50. Nornikman, H., M. F. B. A. Malek, P. J. Soh, A. A. H. Azremi, F. H. Wee, and A. Hasnain, "Parametric study of the pyramidal microwave absorber using rice husk," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 104, 145-166, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10041003

51. Alomainy, A. and Y. Hao, "Modeling and characterization of biotelemetric radio channel from ingested implants considering organ contents," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 4, 999-1005, Apr. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2014531

Download Full Article (401) View Full Article volume
The EM Academy piers.org jpier.org Who's Who in EM
Copyright © 2022 The Electromagnetics Academy. All Rights Reserved.