volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Present study shows the development of integrated rain drop size distribution (DSD) model and gives a comparative study with DSDs of different regions in India. This work is useful for estimation of rain induced attenuation. Rain data of five different regions (Ahmedabad, Shillong, Thiruvananthapuram, Kharagpur and Hasan) was used for this work. Attenuation characteristics are different for different regions because DSD varies according to the climatic conditions. Development of DSD model for each location is not feasible. It is a demand to develop a integrated DSD model which gives the tolerable error in DSD for different regions, so that, it can be adjusted in fade margin of the communication system. The result of this work shows the good correlation between the proposed integrated DSD model and DSDs of different regions.

1. Mattew, N. and O. Sadiku, Numerical Techniques in Electromag netics with Matlab, 3rd Ed., CRC Press, 2011.

2. Crane, R. K., "Electromagnetic Wave Propagation through Rain ," John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

3. Dyer, R. M. and V. J. Falcone, "Effect of drop-size distribution on rainfall rate-attenuation relation," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation Society, Vol. 11, 1973.

4. Hari Kumar, R., V. Sasi Kumar, S. Sampath, and P. V. S. S. K. Vinayak, "Comparison of drop size distribution between stations in Eastern and Western coasts of India," J. Indian Geophys. Union, Vol. 11, No. 2, 111-116, 2007.

5. Toshiaki, K., R. K. Krishna, M. Shuichi, T. Merhala, O. J. Teong, R. D. Narayana, and S. Toyoshi, "Seasonal and diurnal variations of raindrop size distribution," J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., Vol. 84A, 195-209, Japan, 2006.

6. Lakshmi, S. K., Y. H. Lee, and J. T. Ong, "Truncated gamma drop size distribution models for rain attenuation in Singapore," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation Society, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1325-1335, USA, 2010.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2042027

7. Ajayi, G. O. and R. L. Olsen, "Measurement and analysis of rain drop size distribution in south western Nigeria," Proceeding International Radio Science Union, Commission F Symposium on Wave Propagation and Remote Sensing, 173-184, ESA SP-194,Louvain, Belgium, 1983 .

8. Das, S., A. Mitra, and A. K. Shukla, "Rain attenuation modeling in the 10{100 GHz frequency using drop size distributions for di®erent climatic zones in tropical India," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 25, 211-224, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERB10072707

9. Fang, D. J. and C. H. Chen, "Propagation of centimeter/millimeter waves along a slant path through precipitation," Radio Sci., Vol. 17, No. 5, 989-1005, USA, 1982.
doi:10.1029/RS017i005p00989

10. Ajayi, G. O. and R. L. Olsen, "Modeling of a tropical raindrop size distribution for microwave and millimeter wave applications," Radio Sci., Vol. 20, No. 4, 193-202, USA, 1985.
doi:10.1029/RS020i002p00193

11. Odedina, M. O. and T. J. Afullo, "Analytical modeling of rain attenuation and its application to terrestrial LOS links," Southern Africa Telecommunication Networks and Application Conference (SATNAC), Royal Swazi Spa, Swaziland, 2009.

12. Marshall, J. S. and W. M. Palmer, "The distribution of raindrops with size," Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 5, 165-166, Boston, MA 02108-3693, 1948.

13. Joss, J. and A. Waldvogel, "Ein spektrograph fur neider-schlagestrophen mit automatischer auswertung," Journal of Pure Applied Geophysics, Vol. 68, 240-246, Springer, 1967.
doi:10.1007/BF00874898

14. Joss, J. and E. Gori, "Shapes of rain size distributions," J. Appl. Meteorol., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1054-1061, Boston, MA 02108-3693,USA, 1978 .
doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<1054:SORSD>2.0.CO;2

15. Takeuchi, D. M., "Characterization of raindrop size distributions," Conf. on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Electricity, Issaquah, Washington, 154-161, American Meteorological Society, Bostan, MA 02108-3693, 1978.

16. Ulbrich, C. W., "Natural variations in the analytical form of the rain drop size distribution," J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., Vol. 22, 1764-1775, Boston, MA 02108-3693, 1983.

17. Willis, P. T. and P. Tattelman, "Drop-size distribution associated with intense rainfall," J. Appl. Meteorol., Vol. 28, 3-15, USA, 1989.
doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0003:DSDAWI>2.0.CO;2

18. Feingold, G. and Z. Levin, "The lognormal fit to raindrop spectra from frontal convective clouds in Israel," J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., Vol. 25, 1346-1363, USA, 1986.

19. Harikumar, R., S. Sampath, and V. Sasi Kumar, "An empirical model for the variation of rain drop size distribution with rain rate at a few locations in southern India," Adv. Space Res., Vol. 43, 837-844, UK, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.11.001

20. Sauvageot, H. and J. P. Lacaux, "The shape of averaged drop size distributions," Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 52, 1070-1083, USA, 1995.
doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1070:TSOADS>2.0.CO;2

21. Pontes, M. S., L. Da Silva Mello, R. S. L. De Silva, and E. C. B. Miranda, "Review of rain attenuation studies in tropical and equatorial regions in Brazil," Fifth International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 1097-1101, 2005.
doi:10.1109/ICICS.2005.1689223

22. Islam, M. R., T. Rahman, S. Khan, O. Khalifa, and M. M. Rashid, "The rain attenuation prediction methods from 10 to 37 GHz microwave signals based on data measured in Malaysia," 3rd International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering, ICECE 2004, 394-397, Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 28-30,2004 .

23. Adimula, I. A. a and G. O. Ajayi, "Variations in drop size distribution and specific attenuation due to rain in Nigeria," Ann. Telecommun., Vol. 51, No. 1-2, 1996.

24. Vidyarthi, A., B. S. Jassal, and R. Gowri, "Modeling of rain drop-size distribution for Indian region," 2011-IEEE International Conference `ICMTCE-2011', 350-353, Beijing, China, 2011.

25. Jassal, B. S., A. Vidyarthi, R. Gowri, and , "Modeling of rain drop size distribution for tropical hot semi-arid site in India," Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics, Vol. 40, 330-339, December 2011.

26. Vidyarthi, A., B. S. Jassal, and R. Gowri, "Comparison between impirical lognormal and gamma rain drop-size distribution models for Indian region," Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011, 1686-1689, Melbourne, Australia, 2011.

27. Gunn, R. and G. D. Kinzer, "The terminal velocity of fall for water droplets in stagnant air," Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 4, 243-248, USA, 1949.

28. Tokay, A. and D. A. Short, "Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds," J. Appl. Meteorol., Vol. 35, 355-371, USA, 1996.
doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2

29. Shukla, A. K., B. Roy, S. Das, A. R. Charania, K. S. Kavaiya, K. Bandyopadhyay, and K. S. Dasgupta, "Micro rain cell measurements in tropical India for site diversity fade mitigation estimation," Radio Sci., Vol. 45, RS1002, USA, 2010.
doi:10.1029/2008RS004093

30. Jassal, B. S., A. K. Verma, and L. Singh, "Rain drop-size distribution and attenuation for Indian climate," Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics, Vol. 23, No. 3, 193-196, 1994.

Dr. Anurag Vidyarthi

Dr. Bhajan Singh Jassal

Dr. Ravi Gowri

Dr. Ashish Kumar Shukla