Vol. 120
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2011-09-30
Simplified Particle PHD Filter for Multiple-Target Tracking: Algorithm and Architecture
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 120, 481-498, 2011
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a simplified particle probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter and its hardware implementation for multiple-target tracking (MTT). In the proposed algorithm, the update step of particle PHD filter is simplified and the time-varying number of measurements is arranged in combination series/parallel mode. This may result in fixed hardware architecture and therefore present a convenient hardware implementation of particle PHD filter. Simulation results indicate that for the MTT problems, this proposed simplified algorithm shows similar performance with the standard particle PHD filter but has faster processing rate. Experiment study shows that the proposed simplified algorithm can be efficiently implemented in hardware and can effectively solve the MTT problems.
Citation
Shaohua Hong, Lin Wang, Zhi-Guo Shi, and Kang Chen, "Simplified Particle PHD Filter for Multiple-Target Tracking: Algorithm and Architecture," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 120, 481-498, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11081901
References

1. Jiang, T., S. Qiao, Z. G. Shi, L. Peng, J. Huangfu, W. Z. Cui, W. Ma, and L. X. Ran, "Simulation and experimental evaluation of the radar signal performance of chaotic signals generated from a microwave Colpitts oscillator," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 90, 15-30, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER08120104

2. Li, Y., Y. J. Gu, Z. G. Shi, and K. S. Chen, "Robust adaptive beamforming based on particle filter with noise unknown," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 90, 151-169, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09010302

3. Choi, G.-G., S.-H. Park, H.-T. Kim, and K.-T. Kim, "ISAR imaging of multiple targets based on particle swarm optimization and hough transform," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 14--15, 1825-1834, 2009.
doi:10.1163/156939309789932322

4. Guo, K.-Y., Q. Li, X.-Q, and Sheng, "A Precise recognition method of missile warhead and decoy in multi-target scene," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 5--6, 641-652, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310791036250

5. Le Marshall, N. W. D. and A. Z. Tirkel, "Modified matrix pencil algorithm for termite detection with high resolution radar," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 16, 51-67, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIERC10060903

6. Li, M., G. Liao, and J. Liu, "Robust elevation prefiltering method for non-side looking airborne radar," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 24, No. 16, 2191-2205, 2010.
doi:10.1163/156939310793699055

7. Chen, H. W., X. Li, J. Yang, W. Zhou, and Z. Zhuang, "Effects of geometry configurations on ambiguity properties for bistatic MIMO radar," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 30, 117-133, 2011.

8. Blackman, S. S., Multiple Target Tracking with Radar Application, Artech House, 1986.

9. Bar-Shalom, Y. and X. R. Li, Multitarget-Multisensor Tracking: Principles and Techniques, YBS Publishing, 1995.

10. Chang, K. C. and Y. Bar-Shalom, "Joint probabilistic data association for multitarget tracking with possibly unresolved measurements and maneuvers," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 29, No. 7, 585-594, 1984.
doi:10.1109/TAC.1984.1103597

11. Roecker, J. A., "Suboptimal joint probabilistic data association," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 29, No. 2, 510-517, 1993.
doi:10.1109/7.210087

12. Blackman, S. S., "Multiple hypothesis tracking for multiple target tracking," IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Vol. 19, No. 1, 5-18, 2004.
doi:10.1109/MAES.2004.1263228

13. Joo, S. W. and R. Chellappa, "A multiple-Hypothesis approach for multiobject visual tracking," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 16, No. 11, 2849-2854, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TIP.2007.906254

14. Mahler, R., "Multi-target Bayes filtering via first-order multi-target moment," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1152-1178, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAES.2003.1261119

15. Vo, B. N., S. Singh, and A. Doucet, "Sequential monte carlo methods for multi-target filtering with random finite sets," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1224-1245, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAES.2005.1561884

16. Clark, D., I. T. Ruiz, Y. Petillot, and J. Bell, "Particle PHD filter multiple target tracking in sonar image," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 43, No. 1, 409-416, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAES.2007.357143

17. Wang, Y. D., J. K. Wu, A. A. Kassim, and W. M. Huang, "Data-driven probability hypothesis density filter for visual tracking," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 18, No. 8, 1085-1095, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2008.927105

18. Arulampalam, M. S., S. Maskell, N. Gordon, and T. Clapp, "A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-Gaussian bayesian tracking," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 50, No. 2, 174-187, 2002.
doi:10.1109/78.978374

19. Ristic, B., S. Arulampalam, and N. Gordon, Beyond the Kalman Filter: Particle Filter for Tracking Applications, Artech House, 2004.

20. Zang, W., Z. G. Shi, S. C. Du, and K. S. Chen, "Novel roughening method for reentry vehicle tracking using particle filter," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 21, No. 14, 1969-1981, 2007.
doi:10.1163/156939307783152975

21. Hong, S. H., Z. G. Shi, and K. S. Chen, "Novel roughening algorithm and hardware architecture for bearings-only tracking using particle filter," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 22, No. 2--3, 411-422, 2008.
doi:10.1163/156939308784160857

22. Shi, Z. G., S. H. Hong, and K. S. Chen, "Tracking airborne targets hidden in blind doppler using current statistical model particle filter," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 82, 227-240, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08012407

23. Chen, J. F., Z. G. Shi, S. H. Hong, and K. S. Chen, "Grey prediction based particle filter for maneuvering target tracking," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 93, 237-254, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09042204

24. Liu, H. Q., H. C. So, F. K. W. Chan, and K. W. K. Lui, "Distributed particle filter for target tracking in sensor networks," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 11, 171-182, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERC09092905

25. Liu, H.-Q. and H.-C. So, "Target tracking with line-of-sight identification in sensor networks under unknown measurement noises," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 97, 373-389, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09090701

26. Wang, Q., J. Li, M. Zhang, and C. Yang, "H-infinity filter based particle filter for maneuvering target tracking," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 30, 103-116, 2011.

27. Wang, X. F., J. F. Chen, Z. G. Shi, and K. S. Chen, "Fuzzy-control-based particle filter for maneuvering target tracking," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 118, 1-15, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11051907

28. Athalye, A., M. Bolic, S. Hong, and P. M. Djuric, "Generic hardware architectures for sampling and resampling in particle filters," EURASIP Jounal on Applied Signal Processing, Vol. 2005, No. 17, 2888-2902, 2005.
doi:10.1155/ASP.2005.2888

29. Hong, S. H., Z. G. Shi, and K. S. Chen, "A low-power memory-efficient resampling architecture for particle filters," Circuit, System, and Signal Processing, Vol. 29, 155-167, 2010.
doi:10.1007/s00034-009-9117-4

30. Estlick, M., M. Leeser, J. Theiler, and J. J. Szymanshi, "Algorithmic transformations in the implementation of K-means clustering on reconfigurable hardware," International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, 103-110, 2001.

31. Saegusa, T. and T. Maruyama, "An FPGA implementation of real-time K-means clustering for color images," Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, Vol. 2, No. 4, 309-318, 2007.
doi:10.1007/s11554-007-0055-8

32. Hoffman, J. R. and R. P. S. Mahler, "Multitarget miss distance via optimal assignment," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, Vol. 34, No. 3, 327-336, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TSMCA.2004.824848