Vol. 95
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 109 [2024] PIERB 108 [2024] PIERB 107 [2024] PIERB 106 [2024] PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2022-08-12
Fiber Optics and Broadband Over Power Lines in Smart Grid: a Communications System Architecture for Overhead High-Voltage, Medium-Voltage and Low-Voltage Power Grids
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 95, 185-205, 2022
Abstract
This paper proposes a network system architecture that integrates the operation of two communications technologies of the smart grid, i.e., fiber optics and broadband over power lines, across the same overhead transmission and distribution power grid. This integration brings benefits for the power utilities, telecommunications providers and customers alike. The proposed system architecture is expandable by allowing more communications technologies of the smart grid, such as DSL, fiber, WPAN, WiFi, WiMAX, GSM (4G, 5G) and satellite, to connect. Issues concerning wireless sensor networks, tower-sharing and terabit-class backbone networks are discussed.
Citation
Athanasios G. Lazaropoulos, and Helen C. Leligou, "Fiber Optics and Broadband Over Power Lines in Smart Grid: a Communications System Architecture for Overhead High-Voltage, Medium-Voltage and Low-Voltage Power Grids," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 95, 185-205, 2022.
doi:10.2528/PIERB22062502
References

1. Aalamifar, F. and L. Lampe, "Optimized WiMAX profile configuration for smart grid communications," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2723-2732, 2017.

2. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Towards broadband over power lines systems integration: Transmission characteristics of underground low-voltage distribution power lines," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 39, 89-114, 2012.

3. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Wireless sensor network design for transmission line monitoring, metering and controlling introducing broadband over powerlines-enhanced network model (BPLeNM)," ISRN Power Engineering, Vol. 2014, Article ID 894628, 22 pages, 2014, doi:10.1155/2014/894628, [Online]. Available: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2014/894628/.

4. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Broadband performance metrics and regression approximations of the new coupling schemes for distribution broadband over power lines (BPL) networks," Trends in Renewable Energy, Vol. 4, No. 1, 43-73, Jan. 2018, [Online]. Available: http://futureenergysp.com/index.php/tre/article/view/59/pdf.

5. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Smart energy and spectral efficiency (SE) of distribution broadband over power lines (BPL) networks --- Part 1: The impact of measurement differences on SE metrics," Trends in Renewable Energy, Vol. 4, No. 2, 125-184, Aug. 2018, [Online]. Available: http://futureenergysp.com/index.php/tre/article/view/76/pdf.

6. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Smart energy and spectral efficiency (SE) of distribution broad- band over power lines (BPL) networks --- Part 2: L1PMA, L2WPMA and L2CXCV for SE against measurement differences in overhead medium-voltage BPL networks," Trends in Renewable Energy, Vol. 4, No. 2, 185-212, Aug. 2018, [Online]. Available: http://futureenergysp.com/index.php/tre/article/view/77/pdf.

7. Abrahamsen, F. E., Y. Ai, and M. Cheffena, "Communication technologies for smart grid: A comprehensive survey,", arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.11657, 2021, [Online]. [Available]: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.11657.

8. Faheem, M., S. B. H. Shah, R. A. Butt, B. Raza, M. Anwar, M. W. Ashraf, M. A. Ngadi, and V. C. Gungor, "Smart grid communication and information technologies in the perspective of industry 4.0: Opportunities and challenges," Computer Science Review, Vol. 30, 1-30, 2018.

9. Bian, D., M. Kuzlu, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman, "Analysis of communication schemes for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)," Proceedings of IEEE PES General Meeting: Conference & Exposition, 1-5, 2014.

10. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Underground distribution BPL connections with (N + 1)-hop repeater systems: A novel capacity mitigation technique," Elsevier Computers and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 40, 1813-1826, 2014.

11. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Broadband over power lines (BPL) systems convergence: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications analysis of overhead and un-derground low-voltage and medium-voltage BPL networks (Invited Paper)," ISRN Power Engineering, Vol. 2013, Article ID 517940, 1-30, 2013, [Online]. Available: http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/power.engineering/2013/517940/.

12. Nazem, A. and M. R. Arshad, "An approach in full duplex digital multipoint systems using large signal power line communication," Bentham Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 2, 138-146, 2013.

13. Lazaropoulos, A. G. and P. G. Cottis, "Broadband transmission via underground medium-voltage power lines --- Part I: Transmission characteristics," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 25, No. 4, 2414-2424, Oct. 2010.

14. Lazaropoulos, A. G. and P. G. Cottis, "Broadband transmission via underground medium-voltage power lines --- Part II: Capacity," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 25, No. 4, 2425-2434, Oct. 2010.

15. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Broadband transmission and statistical performance properties of overhead high-voltage transmission networks," Hindawi Journal of Computer Networks and Commun., Vol. 2012, Article ID 875632, 2012, [Online]. Available: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jcnc/aip/875632/.

16. Lazaropoulos, A. G. and P. G. Cottis, "Transmission characteristics of overhead medium voltage power line communication channels," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 24, No. 3, 1164-1173, Jul. 2009.

17. Lazaropoulos, A. G. and P. G. Cottis, "Capacity of overhead medium voltage power line communication channels," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 25, No. 2, 723-733, Apr. 2010.

18. Biglieri, E., "Coding and modulation for a horrible channel," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 41, No. 5, 92-98, May 2003.

19. Gebhardt, M., F. Weinmann, and K. Dostert, "Physical and regulatory constraints for communication over the power supply grid," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 41, No. 5, 84-90, May 2003.

20. Henry, P. S., "Interference characteristics of broadband power line communication systems using aerial medium voltage wires," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 43, No. 4, 92-98, Apr. 2005.

21. Liu, S. and L. J. Greenstein, "Emission characteristics and interference constraint of overhead medium-voltage broadband power line (BPL) systems," Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., 1-5, New Orleans, LA, USA, Nov./Dec. 2008.

22. Götz, M., M. Rapp, and K. Dostert, "Power line channel characteristics and their effect on communication system design," IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 42, No. 4, 78-86, Apr. 2004.

23. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Towards modal integration of overhead and underground low-voltage and medium-voltage power line communication channels in the smart grid landscape: Model expansion, broadband signal transmission characteristics, and statistical performance metrics (Invited Paper)," ISRN Signal Processing, Vol. 2012, Article ID 121628, 1-17, 2012, [Online]. Available: http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/sp/2012/121628/.

24. Amirshahi, P. and M. Kavehrad, "High-frequency characteristics of overhead multiconductor power lines for broadband communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., Vol. 24, No. 7, 1292-1303, Jul. 2006.

25. Sartenaer, T., "Multiuser communications over frequency selective wired channels and applications to the powerline access network,", Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Catholique Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Sep. 2004.

26. Galli, S. and T. Banwell, "novel approach to the modeling of the indoor power line channel --- Part II: Transfer function and its properties," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 20, No. 3, 1869-1878, 2015.

27. Sartenaer, T. and P. Delogne, "Deterministic modelling of the (Shielded) outdoor powerline channel based on the multiconductor transmission line equations," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., Vol. 24, No. 7, 1277-1291, Jul. 2006.

28. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Review and progress towards the capacity boost of overhead and under-ground medium-voltage and low-voltage broadband over power lines networks: Cooperative communications through two- and three-hop repeater systems," ISRN Electronics, Vol. 2013, Article ID 472190, 1-19, 2013, [Online]. Available: http://www.hindawi.com/isrn/electronics/aip/472190/.

29. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Deployment concepts for overhead high voltage broadband over power lines connections with two-hop repeater system: Capacity countermeasures against aggravated topologies and high noise environments," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 44, 283-307, 2012.

30. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "A panacea to inherent BPL technology deficiencies by deploying broadband over power lines (BPL) connections with multi-hop repeater systems," Bentham Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 30-46, 2017.

31. Moore, G. F., Electric Cables Handbook, Blackwell Science, 1997.

32. Lazaropoulos, A. G., A. M. Sarafi, and P. G. Cottis, "The emerging smart grid --- A pilot MV/BPL network installed at lavrion, greece," Proc. 2008 Workshop on Applications for Powerline Communications, WSPLC'08, Thessaloniki, Greece, Oct. 2008.

33. Suljanović, N., A. Mujčić, M. Zajc, and J. F. Tasič, "Approximate computation of high-frequency characteristics for power line with horizontal disposition and middle-phase to ground coupling," Elsevier Electr. Power Syst. Res., Vol. 69, 17-24, Jan. 2004.

34. Suljanović, N., A. Mujčić, M. Zajc, and J. F. Tasič, "High-frequency characteristics of high-voltage power line," Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer as a Tool, 310-314, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Sep. 2003.

35. Suljanović, N., A. Mujčić, M. Zajc, and J. F. Tasič, "Power-line high-frequency characteristics: Analytical formulation," Proc. Joint 1st Workshop on Mobile Future & Symposium on Trends in Communications, 106-109, Bratislava, Slovakia, Oct. 2003.

36. Villiers, W., J. H. Cloete, and R. Herman, "The feasibility of ampacity control on HV transmission lines using the PLC system," Proc. IEEE Conf. Africon, Vol. 2, 865-870, George, South Africa, Oct. 2002.

37. Vasileiou, D. K. E., D. Agoris, E. Pyrgioti, and D. Lymperopoulos, "A review on the application of fiber optics on high voltage lines," WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3, No. 5, 1192-1196, 2004.

38. Baoping, C., Y. Di, and Q. Feng, "Optical fiber cables," The Global Cable Industry: Materials, Markets, Products, 351-388, Wiley, 2021.

39. Ezeh, G. and O. Ibe, "Efficiency of optical fiber communication for dissemination of information within the power system network," IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), Vol. 12, No. 3, 68-75, 2013.

40., https://www.tticables.com/oppc-optical-fiber-composite-phase-wire-cable-layer-stranded.html.

41., https://community.fs.com/blog/single-mode-cabling-cost-vs-multimode-cabling-cost.html.

42. Chinenye, O. D., "Enhancing signal production for promulgating information in a fiber optic communication system," American Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 6, No. 11, 105-110, 2017.

43. Jachetta, J., "Fiber-optic transmission systems," National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 2007.

44. Karamchati, S., S. Rawat, and V. Varma, "A novel architecture to enhance Quality of Service in IP networks," 2017 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), 616-621, Jan. 2017.

45., http://www.fiber-optic-solutions.com/analysis-backbone-networks.html.

46. Dooley, K., "Designing large scale lans: Help for network designers,", O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2001.

47. Dean, T., Network+ Guide to Networks, Cengage Learning, 2012.

48. Della, D. G. and S. Rinaldi, "Hybrid communication network for the smart grid: Validation of a field test experience," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 30, No. 6, 2492-2500, 2015.

49. Canale, S., A. Di Giorgio, A. Lanna, A. Mercurio, M. Panfili, and A. Pietrabissa, "Optimal planning and routing in medium voltage powerline communications networks," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, Vol. 4, No. 2, 711-719, Jun. 2013.

50. Lόpez, G., J. Matanza, D. de la Vega, M. Castro, A. Arrinda, J. I. Moreno, and A. Sendin, "The role of power line communications in the smart grid revisited: Applications, challenges, and research initiatives," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 117346-117368, 2019.

51. Al-Badi, A. H., R. Ahshan, N. Hosseinzadeh, R. Ghorbani, and E. Hossain, "Survey of smart grid concepts and technological demonstrations worldwide emphasizing on the oman perspective," MDPI Applied System Innovation, Vol. 3, No. 1, 5, 2020.

52. Munshi, A. A. and A.-R. M. Yasser, "Big data framework for analytics in smart grids," Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 151, 369-380, 2017.

53. Zhang, Y. J. A., H. P. Schwefel, H. Mohsenian-Rad, C. Wietfeld, C. Chen, and H. Gharavi, "Guest editorial special issue on communications and data analytics in smart grid," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1-4, 2020.

54. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Improvement of power systems stability by applying topology identification methodology (TIM) and fault and instability identification methodology (FIIM) --- Study of the overhead medium-voltage broadband over power lines (OV MV BPL) networks case," Trends in Renewable Energy, Vol. 3, No. 2, 102-128, Apr. 2017, [Online]. Available: http://futureenergysp.com/index.php/tre/article/view/34.

55. Rehmani, M. H., M. Reisslein, A. Rachedi, M. Erol-Kantarci, and M. Radenkovic, "Integrating renewable energy resources into the smart grid: Recent developments in information and communication technologies," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol. 14, No. 7, 2814-2825, 2018.

56. Heile, B., "Smart grids for green communications [industry perspectives]," IEEE Wireless Commun., Vol. 17, No. 3, 4-6, Jun. 2010.

57. Kaur, G. and M. S. Manshahia, "Wireless sensor networks for fire detection and control," International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 12, 14-21, 2017.

58. Romer, K. and F. Mattern, "The design space of wireless sensor networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 11, No. 6, 54-61, 2004.

59. Tiwari, A., P. Ballal, and F. L. Lewis, "Energy-efficient wireless sensor network design and implementation for condition-based maintenance," ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-23, 2007.

60. Kulkarni, R. V., A. Forster, and G. K. Venayagamoorthy, "Computational intelligence in wireless sensor networks: A survey," IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tuts., Vol. 13, No. 1, 68-96, Jan. 2011.

61. Leon, R. A., V. Vittal, and G. Manimaran, "Application of sensor network for secure electric energy infrastructure," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 22, No. 2, 1021-1028, Apr. 2007.

62. Li, F., W. Qiao, H. Sun, H. Wan, J. Wang, Y. Xia, Z. Xu, and P. Zhang, "Smart transmission grid: Vision and framework," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, Vol. 1, No. 2, 168-177, Sep. 2010.

63. Zhang, Z., H. Tao, W. Wen, W. Tian, and Q. Liu, "Research on application of tower sharing in overhead transmission line in China," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1983 012088, 1-28, IOP Publishing, Jul. 2021.

64. Zhou, X., H. Chen, S. Wang, D. Zhang, and Y. Wen, "Research on electric 5G networking and multi-service bearer scheme based on co-construction and sharing," 2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), 878-883, IEEE, Dec. 2020.

65. Yu, C. and Y. Min, "Design and research of building and sharing system for tower company," Telecom Engineering Technics and Standardization, Vol. 28, No. 10, 50-54, 2015.

66. Lazaropoulos, A. G., "Statistical broadband over power lines channel modeling --- Part 1: The theory of the statistical hybrid model," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 92, 1-16, 2019.

67., https://www.thefoa.org/tech/ref/appln/ElecUtil.html.

68., https://afl-delivery.stylelabs.cloud/api/public/content/AFL-Aerial-Fiber-Optic-Cable.pdf?v=cc2c63ba.

69., https://www.aflglobal.com/-/media/Project/AFL-Global/Product-Specification-Sheet/fiberOpticCable/ADSS-Standard-Fiber-Optic-Cable.pdf.

70., https://www.aflglobal.com/-/media/Project/AFL-Global/Product-Specification-Sheet/fiberOpticCable/SW048_-AccessWrap.pdf.

71., https://www.tlnetworx.com/blogs/news/single-mode-vs-multimode-fiber-whats-the-difference.

72. Abeysinghe, S., M. Abeysekera, J. Wu, and M. Sooriyabandara, "Electrical properties of medium voltage electricity distribution networks," CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 7, No. 3, 497-509, May 2021.

73. Abeysinghe, S., "A statistical assesment tool for electricity distribution networks,", Ph.D. Dissertation, Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Mar. 2018.