Vol. 116
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 180 [2024] PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2011-05-02
Use of High-Impedance Screens for Enhancing Antenna Performance with Electromagnetic Compatibility
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 116, 137-157, 2011
Abstract
When developing a wireless communication system, a designer should consider the associated radiated power density, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and specific absorption rate (SAR). In this paper, high-impedance surfaces (HISs) are designed as an EM protection screen to reduce the interaction between an antenna and the user behind the screen. The effects of an HIS screen with a finite number of cells placed near a monopole antenna for the application of the 2.4 GHz WLAN band were thoroughly investigated. The screen is first-ever proposed not only to reduce the backward radiation from the antenna, but also to shift the impedance-matching band of the antenna and to adjust the corresponding bandwidth. As a result, the SAR behind the screen is noticeably lowered, and the out-of-band spurious emission from the antenna can be reduced. Two typical kinds of HIS structures, mushroom-shaped and Jerusalem Cross HISs (abbreviated as MSHIS and JCHIS, respectively), were investigated by numerical simulations and measurements. Three different measurement techniques were proposed for predicting the operating frequency band of an HIS. Some HIS-added antenna prototypes were constructed and studied. It was found that the MSHIS and JCHIS can adjust the impedance-matching band of the antenna, do not affect the radiation performance in the forward direction, and can significantly reduce the backward radiated power. In addition, the measured maximum SAR has been significantly reduced from 0.976 W/kg for the monopole antenna without an HIS to 0.037 and 0.038 W/kg, respectively, for the antenna with an MSHIS and a JCHIS.
Citation
Ming-Shing Lin, Chung-Hao Huang, and Cheng-Nan Chiu, "Use of High-Impedance Screens for Enhancing Antenna Performance with Electromagnetic Compatibility," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 116, 137-157, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER11030405
References

1. IEEE Std. C95.1-2005 IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz , IEEE, New York, 2005.

2. CNIRP "International commission on non-ionizing radiation protection guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Phys., Vol. 74, No. 4, 494-522, Apr. 1998.

3. FCC OET Bulletin 65, Supplement C, , Evaluating compliance with FCC guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, Jun. 2001.

4. BS EN 62209-1: 2006 "Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices --- Human models, instrumentation, and procedures --- Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear (frequency range of 300MHz to 3 GHz),", Sep. 2006.

5. IEEE Std. 1528-2003, , IEEE recommended practice for determining the peak spatial-average specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human head from wireless communications devices: Measurement techniques, Dec. 2003.

6. Kivekas, O., J. Ollikainen, T. Lehtiniemi, and P. Vainikainen, "Bandwidth, SAR, and e±ciency of internal mobile phone antennas," IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 46, No. 1, 71-86, Feb. 2004.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2004.823613

7. Kusuma, A. H., A.-F. Sheta, I. Elshafiey, Z. Siddiqui, M. A. S. Alkanhal, S. Aldosari, S. A. Alshebeili, and S. F. Mahmoud, "A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 112, 23-40, 2011.

8. Jensen, M. A. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications," IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 83, No. 1, 7-17, Jan. 1995.
doi:10.1109/5.362755

9. Sager, M., M. Forcucci, and T. Kristensen, "A novel technique to increase the realized efficiency of a mobile phone antenna placed beside a head-phantom," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 2, 1013-1016, Columbus, Ohio, USA, Jun. 2003.

10. Kwak, S. I., D.-U. Sim, J. H. Kwon, and H. D. Choi, "Comparison of the SAR in the human head using the EBG structures applied to a mobile handset," European Microwave Conference, 937-940, Munich, European, Oct. 2007.

11. Chou, H.-H., H.-T. Hsu, H.-T. Chou, K.-H. Liu, and F.-Y. Kuo, "Reduction of peak SAR in human head for handset applications with resistive sheets (r-cards)," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 281-296, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09062702

12. Islam, M. T., M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "Design analysis of ferrite sheet attachment for SAR reduction in human head," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 191-205, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09082902

13. Sievenpiper, D. F., L. Zhang, R. F. J. Broas, N. G. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch, "High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band," IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol. 47, No. 11, 2059-2074, Nov. 1999.
doi:10.1109/22.798001

14. Sievenpiper, D. F., High-Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, 1999.

15. Kollatou, T. and C. Christopoulos, "Use of high-impedance surfaces in electromagnetic compatibility applications," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 3, 1812-1815, Mar. 2009.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2009.2012764

16. Munk, B. A., Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2000.

17. Guo, C., H.-J. Sun, and X. Lv, "A novel dualband frequency selective surface with periodic cell perturbation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 9, 137-149, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERB08071302

18. Costa, F., S. Genovesi, and A. Monorchio, "On the bandwidth of high-impedance frequency selective surfaces," IEEE Antennas Wireless and Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, 1341-1344, 2009.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2009.2038346

19. Lee, Y. L. R., A. Chauraya, D. S. Lockyer, and J. C. Vardaxoglou, "Dipole and tripole metallodielectric photonic bandgap (MPBG) structures for microwave filter and antenna applications," IEE Proc. Optoelectronics, Vol. 147, No. 6, 395-400, Dec. 2000.

20. Poilasne, G., "Antennas on high impedance ground planes: On the importance of the antenna isolation," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 41, 237-255, 2003.

21. Feresidis, A. P., G. Goussetis, S. Wang, and J. C. Vardaxoglou, "Artificial magnetic conductor surfaces and their application to low-profile high-gain planar antennas ," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagations, Vol. 53, No. 1, 209-215, Jan. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.840528

22. Jing, L. and H-Y. D. Yang, "Radiation characteristics of a microstrip patch over an electromagnetic bandgap surface," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagations, Vol. 55, No. 6, 1691-1697, Jun. 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.898633

23. Zheng, Q.-R., Y.-M. Yan, X.-Y. Cao, and N.-C. Yuan, "High impedance ground plane (HIGP) incorporated with resistance for radar cross section (RCS) reduction of antenna," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 84, 307-319, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIER08072003

24. Tomeo-Reyes, I. and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Comparative study on different his as ground planes and its application to low profile wire antennas design," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 115, 55-77, 2011.

25. Xie, H.-H., Y.-C. Jiao, L.-N. Chen, and F.-S. Zhang, "An effective analysis method for EBG reducing patch antenna coupling," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 21, 187-193, 2011.

26. Chang, C.-S., M.-P. Houng, D.-B. Lin, K.-C. Hung, and I.-T. Tang, "Simultaneous switching noise mitigation capability with low parasitic effect using aperiodic high-impedance surface structure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 4, 149-158, 2008.
doi:10.2528/PIERL08082902

27. Chang, C.-S., J.-Y. Li, W.-J. Lin, M.-P. Houng, L.-S. Chen, and D.-B. Lin, "Controlling the frequency of simultaneous switching noise suppression by using embedded dielectric resonators in high-impedance surface structure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 11, 149-158, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERL09082406

28. Lin, M. S., C. H. Huang, and C-I. G. Hsu, "Techniques of evaluating high impedance surfaces used for SAR reduction," Asia-Paci¯c Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 210-213, Beijing, China, Apr. 2010.

29. Remski, R. T., "Analysis of photonic bandgap surfaces using ansoft HFSS," Microwave Journal, Vol. 53, 190-198, Sep. 2000.

30. Chen, Z. N., Antennas for Portable Devices, Wiley, New York, 2007.

31. CTIA Certification Program Management Document "Test plan for mobile station over the air performance, method of measurement for radiated RF power and receiver performance," Revision 3.0, Dec. 2009.

32. FCC CFR 47, Part 15 "Radio frequency devices,", Feb. 2006.

33. Aprel ALSAS 10 Universal system. Available at www.aprel.com.

34. Bouhorma, M., F. Elouaai, and A. Mamouni, "Computation of SAR for two antennas used in mobile communication systems: monopole and patch," New Technologies, Mobility and Security, NTMS'08, 1-4, Nov. 2008.