volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems are projected to work at millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency bands that would bring new challenges with the implementation of antennas and safety level of electromagnetic field exposures. In this paper, a new design of 5G mmwave antenna for multi-frequency bands has been introduced. The antenna is small enough and has a form factor that can be easily fit into the current available mobile handset devices. The proposed antenna covers all the nominated frequency bands by the FCC for 5G communications and has good radiation performances at 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz, and 64-71 GHz. The electromagnetic field exposure to the human head model has been studied by means of numerical simulation for all above frequency bands. The feature of our proposed antenna is that all the frequency bands for the 5th generation mobile handset will be available in a single and simple antenna structure; hence, analysis of EMF exposure in a wide range of frequency can be done on a single antenna design.

1. Daniels, R. C. and R. W. Heath, "60 GHz wireless communications: Emerging requirements and design recommendations," IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., Vol. 2, No. 3, 41-50, 2008.
doi:10.1109/MVT.2008.915320

2., https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-340301A1.pdf.
doi:10.1109/MVT.2008.915320

3. Hong, W., "Solving the 5G mobile antenna puzzle: Assessing future directions for the 5G mobile antenna paradigm shift," IEEE Micro. Mag., Vol. 18, No. 7, 86-102, 2017.
doi:10.1109/MMM.2017.2740538

4. Rappaport, T. S., S. Sun, and R. Mayzus, "Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: It will work!," IEEE Access, Vol. 1, 335-349, 2013.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813

5. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Health Physics "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Phys., Vol. 74, No. 4, 494-522, 1998.

6. FCC "Code of Federal Regulations CFR title 47, part 1.1310,", 2010.

7. "Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz,", IEEE C95.1, 2005.

8. Bahramzy, P., S. Svendsen, O. Jagielski, and G. Frlund Pedersen, "SAR study of mobile phones as a function of antenna Q," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propaga., Vol. 63, No. 9, 4139-4147, 2015.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2452959

9. Lazarescu, C., I. Nica, and V. David, "SAR in human head due to mobile phone exposure," E-Health and Bioengineering Conference, 2011.

10. Chen, I.-F., C.-M. Peng, and C.-C. Hung, "Experimental study of estimating SAR values for mobile phone applications," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2008.

11. Mihai, G., A. Marian Aron, V. Haralambie, and A. Paljanos, "A study of mobile phone SAR levels modification in different experimental configurations under 2G and 3G communication standards," International Conference on Communications, 2016.

12. Takei, R., T. Nagaoka, K. Saito, S. Watanabe, and M. Takahashi, "SAR variation due to exposure from a smartphone held at various positions near the torso," IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 59, No. 2, 747-753, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2016.2642201

13. Cihangir, A., C. J. Panagamuwa, W. G. Whittow, G. Jacquemod, F. Gianesello, R. Pilard, and C. Luxey, "Dual-band 4G eyewear antenna and SAR implications," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 65, No. 4, 2085-2089, 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2017.2670562

14. Derat, B., "Experimental study on the relationship between Specific Absorption Rate and RF conducted power for LTE wireless devices," European Microwave Conference, 2015.

15. Oliveira, C., M. Maćkowiak, and L. M. Correia, "Exposure assessment of smartphones and tablets," International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, 2015.

16. Chu, F. H. and K. L.Wong, "Planar printed strip monopole with a closely-coupled parasitic shorted strip for eight-band LTE/GSM/UMTS mobile phone," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 58, 3431-3462, 2010.

17. Azad, M. Z. and M. Ali, "A miniaturized Hilbert PIFA for dual-band mobile wireless applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propaga. Lett., Vol. 4, 59-62, 2005.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2005.844128

18. Wong, K. L. and C. H. Chang, "Printed λ/8-PIFA for penta-band WWAN operation in the mobile phone," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 57, 1373-1381, 2009.

19. Chu, F. H. and K. L. Wong, "On-board small-size printed LTE/WWAN mobile handset antenna closely integrated with system ground plane," Micro. Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 53, 1336-1343, 2011.
doi:10.1002/mop.25961

20. Wong, K.-L., G.-Y. Lee, and T.-W. Chiou, "A low-profile planar monopole antenna for multiband operation of mobile handsets," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 51, 121-125, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2003.809044

21. Chiu, C. H., C. H. Chang, and Y. J. Chi, "Multiband folded loop antenna for smart phones," Progress In Electromagnetic Research, Vol. 102, 213-226, 2010.
doi:10.2528/PIER10011601

22. Trinh, L. H., F. Ferrero, R. Staraj, and J.-M. Ribero, "Mobile phone antenna for 2G, 3G and 4G standards," International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications, 2013.

23., https://www.ansys.com/-/media/ansys/corporate/resourcelibrary/techbrief/ab-ansys-hfss-for-antenna-simulation.pdf.

24. Colombi, D., B. Thors, and C. Törnevik, "Implications of EMF exposure limits on output power levels for 5G devices above 6 GHz," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 14, 1247-1249, 2015.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2400331

25. http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/htmlclie/htmlclie.php.

Dr. Kamya Yekeh Yazdandoost

Dr. Ilkka Laakso