volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A phase-only and amplitude-phase genetic algorithm (GA) has been investigated to restore the array pattern of a 4 × 2 planar array in the presence of centre-elements phase malfunctioning. A single and double adjacent antenna elements are considered for phase malfunctioning. The new array weights for functioning antenna elements are computed with GA to restore the value of array peak gain and sidelobe level (SLL). The simulation results, which are verified with measurements, indicated that complete recovery of array pattern without SLL constraint in the presence of malfunctioning elements was possible with the phase-only GA weights. It is shown that the uncorrected pattern can also be compensated for main beam scanning with phase-only GA weights. However, pattern compensation with SLL constraint is not possible using the phase-only GA weights. Therefore, amplitude-phase GA weights are estimated to restore the peak gain and the desired SLL simultaneously at the cost of widening the main beam. A prototype of X-band 4 × 2 microstrip patch array controlled through X-band phaser evaluation boards was used in the in-house anechoic chamber measurements facility to validate the full-wave HFSS simulation results.

1. Agrawal, Ashok K. and Eric L. Holzman, "Active phased array architectures for high reliability," Proceedings of International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology, 159-162, Boston, MA, USA, 1996.

2. Agrawal, Ashok K. and Eric L. Holzman, "Beamformer architectures for active phased-array radar antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, No. 3, 432-442, 1999.

3. Peters, Timothy J., "A conjugate gradient-based algorithm to minimize the sidelobe level of planar arrays with element failures," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, No. 10, 1497-1504, 1991.

4. Liu, S. C., "A fault correction technique for phased array antennas," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1992 Digest, 1612-1615, Chicago, IL, USA, 1992.

5. Bu, Sean Z. and Afshin S. Daryoush, "Comparison of reconfigurable methods of active phased array antenna," Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 214-217, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1993.

6. Wright, P. J. and D. H. Brandwood, "Re-optimisation of linear and planar arrays with failed elements," 1995 Ninth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, ICAP '95 (Conf. Publ. No. 407), 81-84, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 1995.

7. Mailloux, R. J., "A phased array error correction scheme," Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 202-205, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1993.

8. Mailloux, R. J., "Phased array error correction scheme," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 44, No. 12, 1543-1550, 1994.

9. Steyskal, M. and R. J. Mailloux, "Generalization of a phased array error correction method," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1996 Digest, 506-509, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1996.

10. Zainud-Deen, S. H., M. S. Ibrahem, H. A. Sharshar, and Sabry M. M. Ibrahem, "Array failure correction with orthogonal method," Proceedings of the Twenty-First National Radio Science Conference, 2004. NRSC 2004., Cairo, Egypt, 2004.

11. Yeo, Beng-Kiong and Yilong Lu, "Array failure correction with a genetic algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, No. 5, 823-828, 1999.

12. Rodriguez, J. A., F. Ares, E. Moreno, and G. Franceschetti, "Genetic algorithm procedure for linear array failure correction," Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1, 2000.

13. Son, Seong Ho, Soon Young Eom, Soon Ik Jeon, and Woonbong Hwang, "Automatic phase correction of phased array antennas by a genetic algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, No. 8, 2751-2754, 2008.

14. Miao, Jing, Xiaolin Zhang, Qian Chen, and Yang Chen, "Antenna array pattern correction with failure elements using AGA," 2017 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES), 1-3, Suzhou, China, 2017.

15. Boopalan, Navaamsini, Agileswari K. Ramasamy, Farrukh Nagi, and Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani, "Planar array failed element (s) radiation pattern correction: A comparison," Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 19, 9234, 2021.

16. Mohammed, Jafar Ramadhan and Ahmed Jameel Abdulqader, "Array pattern restoration under defective elements," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 123, 17-26, 2022.

17. Engroff, Alian M., Lukasz A. Greda, Marcelo P. Magalhães, Andreas Winterstein, Lucas S. Pereira, Alessandro G. Girardi, and Marcos V. T. Heckler, "Comparison of beamforming algorithms for retro-directive arrays with faulty elements," 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-5, Davos, Switzerland, 2016.

18. Greda, Lukasz A., Andreas Winterstein, Daniel L. Lemes, and Marcos V. T. Heckler, "Beamsteering and beamshaping using a linear antenna array based on particle swarm optimization," IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 141562-141573, 2019.

19. Rodriguez, J. A. and F. Ares, "Optimization of the performance of arrays with failed elements using the simulated annealing technique," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 12, No. 12, 1625-1638, 1998.

20. Redvik, Jonatan, "Simulated annealing optimization applied to antenna arrays with failed elements," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1999 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.99CH37010), Vol. 1, 458-461, Orlando, FL, USA, 1999.

21. Yeo, Beng-Kiong and Yilong Lu, "Adaptive array digital beamforming using complex-coded particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm," 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, Suzhou, China, 2005.

22. Cao, Bin, Zhenyi Xu, Jiaxin Yao, and Tao Jiang, "Conformal array element failure correction based on PSO-CS algorithm," 2021 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES-China) Symposium, 1-2, Chengdu, China, 2021.

23. De Lange, Lydia and Danie J. Ludick, "Application of machine learning for antenna array failure analysis," 2018 International Workshop on Computing, Electromagnetics, and Machine Intelligence (CEMi), 5-6, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2018.

24. Zheng, Guoliang, Qinghe Zhang, and Shaocong Li, "Failure diagnosis of antenna array using residual convolutional neural network," 2021 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES-China) Symposium, 1-2, Chengdu, China, 2021.

25. Balanis, Constantine A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

26. Haupt, Randy L. and Douglas H. Werner, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

27. Acharya, Om Prakash and Amalendu Patnaik, "Antenna array failure correction [antenna applications corner]," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 59, No. 6, 106-115, 2017.

28. Tahir, Junaid and Ali Imran Najam, "Design of 4 × 4 antenna array for actively electronic scanned array (AESA) radars," 2018 15th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 853-857, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2018.

29. Analog devices, Inc (ADITM), EVAL-ADAR1000 (Evaluation Board)). [Online] Cited 2024-04-14. Available at: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/user-guides/ADAR1000-EVALZ-UG-1283.pdf, 2024.

30. COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Anechoic Chamber. [Online] Cited 2024-04-14. Available at: https://www.cuiatd.edu.pk/electrical-computer-engineering/research-project-cba/signal-absorber-installation/, 2024.

31. YOUTUBE, [Online] Cited 2024-04-08. Available at: https://youtu.be/3eEuH0tYq2s, 2024.

32. Boyd, Stephen and Lieven Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

33. Zhu, Sai, Chunhui Han, Yafeng Meng, Jiawen Xu, and Ting An, "Embryonics based phased array antenna structure with self-repair ability," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 209660-209673, 2020.

Dr. Raja Aasim Bin Saleem

Dr. Arslan Ali Shah

Dr. Hina Munsif

Dr. Ali Imram Najam

Dr. Shahid Khattak

Dr. Irfanullah