Vol. 82
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERL 119 [2024] PIERL 118 [2024] PIERL 117 [2024] PIERL 116 [2024] PIERL 115 [2024] PIERL 114 [2023] PIERL 113 [2023] PIERL 112 [2023] PIERL 111 [2023] PIERL 110 [2023] PIERL 109 [2023] PIERL 108 [2023] PIERL 107 [2022] PIERL 106 [2022] PIERL 105 [2022] PIERL 104 [2022] PIERL 103 [2022] PIERL 102 [2022] PIERL 101 [2021] PIERL 100 [2021] PIERL 99 [2021] PIERL 98 [2021] PIERL 97 [2021] PIERL 96 [2021] PIERL 95 [2021] PIERL 94 [2020] PIERL 93 [2020] PIERL 92 [2020] PIERL 91 [2020] PIERL 90 [2020] PIERL 89 [2020] PIERL 88 [2020] PIERL 87 [2019] PIERL 86 [2019] PIERL 85 [2019] PIERL 84 [2019] PIERL 83 [2019] PIERL 82 [2019] PIERL 81 [2019] PIERL 80 [2018] PIERL 79 [2018] PIERL 78 [2018] PIERL 77 [2018] PIERL 76 [2018] PIERL 75 [2018] PIERL 74 [2018] PIERL 73 [2018] PIERL 72 [2018] PIERL 71 [2017] PIERL 70 [2017] PIERL 69 [2017] PIERL 68 [2017] PIERL 67 [2017] PIERL 66 [2017] PIERL 65 [2017] PIERL 64 [2016] PIERL 63 [2016] PIERL 62 [2016] PIERL 61 [2016] PIERL 60 [2016] PIERL 59 [2016] PIERL 58 [2016] PIERL 57 [2015] PIERL 56 [2015] PIERL 55 [2015] PIERL 54 [2015] PIERL 53 [2015] PIERL 52 [2015] PIERL 51 [2015] PIERL 50 [2014] PIERL 49 [2014] PIERL 48 [2014] PIERL 47 [2014] PIERL 46 [2014] PIERL 45 [2014] PIERL 44 [2014] PIERL 43 [2013] PIERL 42 [2013] PIERL 41 [2013] PIERL 40 [2013] PIERL 39 [2013] PIERL 38 [2013] PIERL 37 [2013] PIERL 36 [2013] PIERL 35 [2012] PIERL 34 [2012] PIERL 33 [2012] PIERL 32 [2012] PIERL 31 [2012] PIERL 30 [2012] PIERL 29 [2012] PIERL 28 [2012] PIERL 27 [2011] PIERL 26 [2011] PIERL 25 [2011] PIERL 24 [2011] PIERL 23 [2011] PIERL 22 [2011] PIERL 21 [2011] PIERL 20 [2011] PIERL 19 [2010] PIERL 18 [2010] PIERL 17 [2010] PIERL 16 [2010] PIERL 15 [2010] PIERL 14 [2010] PIERL 13 [2010] PIERL 12 [2009] PIERL 11 [2009] PIERL 10 [2009] PIERL 9 [2009] PIERL 8 [2009] PIERL 7 [2009] PIERL 6 [2009] PIERL 5 [2008] PIERL 4 [2008] PIERL 3 [2008] PIERL 2 [2008] PIERL 1 [2008]
2019-03-21
On the Path Loss Model for 5-GHz Microwave-Based Pinless Subsea Connectors
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 82, 147-153, 2019
Abstract
In this work, a simple propagation channel model for microwave-based pinless subsea connectors in the 5 GHz band is presented. Both high electromagnetic attenuation in seawater due to absorption and the near-field working conditions typically present for underwater connectors are taken into consideration. Therefore, a simplified path loss model based on linear regression is identified. The study shows that high-speed pinless subsea connectors are a reality over several cm of seawater gap when appropriate microwave receiver technology is selected with sensitivities of about -100 dBm. Experimental results show that both half-duplex gigabits-per-second and full-duplex 100-Mbps technologies have a strong potential to be developed in the 5 GHz band.
Citation
Jose Carlos Reyes Guerrero, Ismail Ben Mabrouk, Mu'ath Alhassan, Mourad Nedil, and Tomasz Ciamulski, "On the Path Loss Model for 5-GHz Microwave-Based Pinless Subsea Connectors," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 82, 147-153, 2019.
doi:10.2528/PIERL18102705
References

1. Aval, Y. M., S. K. Wilson, and M. Stojanovic, "On the achievable rate of a class of acoustic channels and practical power allocation strategies for OFDM systems," IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 4, 785-795, Oct. 2015.
doi:10.1109/JOE.2015.2451251

2. Li, X., Y. Sun, Y. Guo, X. Fu, and M. Pan, "Dolphins first: Dolphin-aware communications in multi-hop underwater cognitive acoustic networks," IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communication, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2043-2056, Apr. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TWC.2016.2623604

3. Li, X., Y. Sun, Y. Guo, X. Fu, and M. Pan, "A survey of underwater optical wireless communications," IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials, Vol. 19, No. 1, 204-238, 2017.
doi:10.1109/COMST.2016.2618841

4. Granger, R. P., C. M. Baer, N. H. Gabriel, J. J. Labosky, and T. C. Galford, "Non-contact wet mateable connectors for power and data transmission," Oceans 2013, 1-4, San Diego, Sep. 23-27, 2013.

5. Ciamulski, T., "Microwave technology for pinless connectors," Oceanology International, London, Excel, UK, Mar. 11-13, 2014.

6. Massaccesi, A. and P. Pirinoli, "Analysis of underwater EM propagation for scuba diving communication systems," IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 1-5, Apl. 2016.

7. Fukuda, H., N. Kobayashi, K. Shizuno, S. Yoshida, M. Tanomura, and Y. Hama, "New concept of an electromagnetic usage for contactless communication and power transmission in the ocean," IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium, 1-4, Tokyo, Japan, Mar. 2013.

8. Che, X., I. Wells, G. Dickers, P. Kear, and X. Gong, "Re-evaluation of RF electromagnetic communication in underwater sensor networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, 143-151, 2010.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5673085

9. Park, D., K. Kwak, W. K. Chung, and J. Kim, "Development of underwater distance sensor using EMwave attenuation," IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 5125-5130, May 6-10, 2013.

10. Palmeiro, A., M. Martin, I. Crowther, and M. Rhodes, "Underwater radio frequency communications," Oceans 2011, 1-8, Santander, Spain, Jun. 2011.

11. Al-Shamma’a, A. I., A. Shaw, and S. Saman, "Propagation of electromagnetic waves at MHz frequencies through seawater," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 11, 2843-2849, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.834449

12. Sendra, S., J. Lloret, J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, and J. M. Aguiar, "Underwater wireless communications in freshwater at 2.4 GHz," IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1794-1797, Sep. 2013.
doi:10.1109/LCOMM.2013.072313.131214

13. Mendez, H. F. G., F. Le Pennec, C. Gac, and C. Person, "High performance underwater UHF radio antenna development," Oceans 2011, 1-4, Spain, 2011.

14. Bokenfohr, M. and T. Ciamulski, "Underwater connector arrangement,", UK Patent GB 2504018, Dec. 2, 2014.

15. Reyes-Guerrero, J. C., M. Bokenfohr, and T. Ciamulski, "On signal attenuation at microwaves frequencies underwater," Proceedings of the International Conference on Underwater Networks and Sytems, article No. 30, 2014.

16. Reyes-Guerrero, J. C. and T. Ciamulski, "Influence of temperature on signal attenuation at microwaves frequencies underwater," Oceans 2015, 1-4, Genova, May 18-21, 2015.

17. Teixeira, F., P. Freitas, L. Pessoa, R. Campos, and M. Ricardo, "Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 underwater networks operating at 700 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz," Proceedings of the International Conference on Underwater Networks and Systems, article No. 11, 2014.

18. Yadav, S. and V. Kumar, "Optimal clustering in underwater wireless sensor networks: Acoustic, EM and FSO communication compliant technique," IEEE Access, Vol. 5, No. 9, 12761-12776, Jul. 2017.

19. Dargie, W. and C. Poellabauer, Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice, John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
doi:10.1002/9780470666388

20. Jiang, S. and S. Georgakopoulos, "Electromagnetic wave propagation into fresh water," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol. 3, 261-266, 2011.
doi:10.4236/jemaa.2011.37042

21. Hunt, K., J. Niemeier, and A. Kruger, "RF communications in underwater wireless sensor networks ," IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), 198, Karagianni, 2010.

22. Kulhandjian, H., L. C. Kuo, T. Melodia, and D. A. Pados, "Towards experimental evaluation of software-defined underwater networked systems," Proc. of IEEE Underwater Communications Conf. and Workshop (UComms), Sestri Levante, Italy, 2012.

23. Stuntebeck, E., D. Pompili, and T. Melodia, "Wireless under-ground sensor networks using commodity terrestrial motes," 2nd IEEE Workshop on Wireless Mesh Networks, 2006.

24. Nistazakis, H. E., G. S. Tombras, A. D. Tsigopoulos, E. A. Karagianni, and M. E. Fafalios, "Average and outage capacity estimation of optical wireless communication systems over weak turbulence channels," Mosharaka International Conference on Communications, Propagation and Electronics, MIC-CPE, 2009.

25. Liu, L., S. Zhou, and J. Cui, "Prospects and problems of wireless communication for underwater sensor networks," Wireless Communication & Mobile Computing, Vol. 8, No. 8, 977-994, Oct. 2008.

26. Elrashidi, A., A. Elleithy, M. Albogame, and K. Elleithy, "Underwater wireless sensor network communication using electromagnetic waves at resonance frequency 2.4 GHz," Proceedings of the 15th Communications and Networking Simulation Symposium, No. 13, Orlando, Florida, March 26-30, 2012.

27. Hattab, G., M. El-Tarhuni, M. Al-Ali, T. Joudeh, and N. Qaddoumi, "An underwater wireless sensor network with realistic radio frequency path loss model," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2013.

28. Rhodes, M., "Electromagnetic propagation in seawater and its value in military systems," SEAS DTC Technical Conference, Edinburg, UK, 2007.

29. Singh, K., Y. Kumar, and S. Singh, "A modified bow tie antenna with U-shape slot for wireless applications," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 10, Oct. 2012.

30. Yurduseven, O., D. Smith, N. Pearsall, and I. Forbes, "A solar cell stacked slot-loaded suspended microstrip patch antenna with multiband resonance characteristics for WLAN and WMAX systems," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 142, 321-332, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER13081502

31. Marantis, L. and P. Brennan, "A CPW-fed bow-tie slot antenna with tuning stub," Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, Mar. 17-18, 2008.

32. Meissner, T. and F. J. Wentz, "The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 42, No. 9, 1836-1849, Sep. 2004.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2004.831888

33. Rappaport, T. S., Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2002.