volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Based on Huygens-Fresnel principle, a general expression for the average image intensity of a heterodyne and a direct-detection imaging system in turbulent media is derived under the assumption of a Gaussian rough-surface model. From the formulation, we find that the object size, turbulence strength, wavelength, and object roughness affect image intensity dramatically in the image plane.

1. Ishimaru, A., "Limitation on image resolution imposed by a random medium," Applied Optics, Vol. 17, No. 3, 348-352, 1978.
doi:10.1364/AO.17.000348

2. Mahajan, V. N. and K. C. Byron, "Imaging through atmospheric turbulence with annular pupils," Applied Optics, Vol. 20, No. 18, 3233-3237, 1981.
doi:10.1364/AO.20.003233

3. Sutton, G. W., "Effect of inhomogeneous turbulence on imaging through turbulent layers," Applied Optics, Vol. 33, No. 18, 3972-3976, 1994.
doi:10.1364/AO.33.003972

4. Gal, R. and N. Kiryati, "Progress in the restoration of image sequences degraded by atmospheric turbulence," Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 48, 8-14, 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2014.04.007

5. Cui, L., X. Cao, and F. Zhou, "Influence of moderate-to-strong non-Kolmogorov turbulence on the imaging system by atmospheric turbulence MTF," Optik, Vol. 126, No. 2, 191-198, 2015.
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.08.147

6. Fante, R. L., "Some results on the imaging of incoherent sources through turbulence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 66, No. 6, 574-580, 1976.
doi:10.1364/JOSA.66.000574

7. Yang, C. C., B. H. Elsebelgy, and M. A. Plonus, "Imaging after double passage through a turbulent medium," Optics Letters, Vol. 18, No. 24, 2087, 1993.
doi:10.1364/OL.18.002087

8. Wang, S. J. and M. A. Plonus, "Imaging through turbulence: Degradation of signal-to-noise ratio," Optics Communications, Vol. 50, No. 2, 73-78, 1984.
doi:10.1016/0030-4018(84)90139-1

9. Idell, P. S. and A. Webster, "Resolution limits for coherent optical imaging: Signal-to-noise analysis in the spatial-frequency," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 9, 43-56, 1992.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.9.000043

10. Beavers, W. I., D. E. Dudgeon, and J. W. Beletic, "Speckle imaging through the atmosphere," The Lincoln laboratory Journal, Vol. 2, 207-228, 1989.

11. Ayers, G. R., M. J. Northcott, and J. C. Dainty, "Konx-thompson and triple correlation imaging through atmospheric turbulence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 5, 963-985, 1988.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.5.000963

12. Fante, R. L., "Imaging of an object behind a random phase screen using light of arbitrary coherence: Reply to comment," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 5, 265-269, 1988.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.5.000265

13. Mavroidis, T., C. J. Solomon, and J. C. Dainty, "Imaging a coherently illuminated object after double passage through a random screen," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 8, 1003-1013, 1991.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.8.001003

14. Goudail, F., "Comparison of maximal achievable contrast in scalar, Stokes, and Mueller images," Opt. Lett., Vol. 35, 2600-2602, 2010.
doi:10.1364/OL.35.002600

15. Goudail, F. and J. Tyo, "When is polarimetric imaging preferable to intensity imaging for target detection?," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 28, 46-53, 2011.
doi:10.1364/JOSAA.28.000046

16. Belenkii, M. S., V. V. Boronoev, and N. T. Gomboev, "Curvature of the average phase-front of a laser beam in a turbulent atmosphere: An experimental steudy," Opt. Spectrosc, Vol. 49, 324-327, 1980.

17. Lutomirski, R. and H. Yura, "Wave structure function and mutual coherence function of an optical wave in a turbulent atmosphere," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 61, 482-487, 1971.
doi:10.1364/JOSA.61.000482

18. Andrews, L. C. and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, SPIE Press, 2005.
doi:10.1117/3.626196

19. Yang, C. C., B. H. Elsebelgy, and M. A. Plonus, "Imaging after double passage through a turbulent medium," Opt. Lett., Vol. 18, 2087-2089, 1993.
doi:10.1364/OL.18.002087

Dr. Ning-Jing Xiang

Dr. Xin-Fang Wang

Dr. Qun-Feng Dong