volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

Presently, the simulated Delay Doppler Maps (DDMs) of oil slicked sea are limited to simplified scenarios which have the elevation angle of 90° (nadir reflection). In this paper, the detailed simulation process to generate GNSS-R DDMs of oil slicked sea surfaces under general scenarios is presented. The DDM of oil slicked sea surface under general scenarios are generated by combining the mean-square slope model for oil slicked/clean surfaces and the GNSSR Zavorotny-Voronovich (Z-V) scattering model. The coordinate system transformation appropriate for general-elevation-angle scenarios are also incorporated. To validate the proposed approach, a comparison is made between the DDMs of a simplified scenario and a general scenario, which are generated based on the oil slick distribution of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill accident. Theoretical analysis reveals that oil slick may be detected within a 100 km radius coverage area around the specular point for a GNSS-R receiver under the general scenario with elevation angles of 72°.

1. Martin-Neira, M., "A passive reflectometry and interferometry ystem (PARIS): Application to ocean altimetry," ESA J., Vol. 17, 331-355, 1993.

2. Gleason, S., "Towards sea ice remote sensing with space detected GPS signals: Demonstration of technical feasibility and initial consistency check using low resolution sea ice information," Remote Sens., Vol. 2, 2017-2039, 2011.
doi:10.3390/rs2082017

3. Gleason, S., S. Hodgart, Y. Sun, C. Gommenginger, S. Mackin, M. Adjrad, and M. Unwin, "Detection and processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 43, No. 6, 1229-1241, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.845643

4. Jin, S., G. Feng, and S. Gleason, "Remote sensing using GNSS signals: Current status and future directions," Adv. Space Res., Vol. 47, No. 10, 1645-1653, 2011.
doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.036

5. Wiehl, M., B. Legresy, and R. Dietrich, "Potential of reflected GNSS signals for ice sheet remote sensing," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 40, 177-205, 2003.
doi:10.2528/PIER02102202

6. Pinel, N., C. Bourlier, and J. Saillard, "Forward radar propagation over oil slicks on sea surfaces using the Ament model with shadowing effect," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 76, 95-126, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07062004

7. Valencia, E., A. Camps, H. Park, and N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, "Oil slicks detection using GNSS-R," IGARSS, 4383-4386, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2011.

8. Gleason, S. and D. Gebre-Egziabher, GNSS Applications and Methods, Artech House, Norwood, 2009.

9. Zavorotny, V. U. and A. G. Voronovich, "Scattering of GPS signals from the ocean with wind remote sensing application," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 38, No. 2, 951-964, 2000.
doi:10.1109/36.841977

10. "Wikipedia, geodetic system,", Sep. 13, 2012, Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic system.
doi:10.1109/36.841977

11. Hayslip, A. R., J. T. Johnson, and G. R. Baker, "Further numerical studies of backscattering from time-evolving nonlinear sea surfaces," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 41, No. 10, 2287-2293, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.814662

12. Cox, C. and W. Munk, "Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun's glitter," J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 44, No. 11, 838-850, 1954.
doi:10.1364/JOSA.44.000838

13. Katzberg, S. J., O. Torres, and G. Ganoe, "Calibration of reflected GPS for tropical storm wind speed retrievals," Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 33, 18602, 2006.
doi:10.1029/2006GL026825

14. Marchan-Hernandez, J., A. Camps, N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, E. Valencia, X. Bosch-Lluis, and I. Ramos-Perez, "An efficient algorithm to the simulation of delay-Doppler maps of reflected global navigation satellite system signals," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 47, No. 8, 2733-2740, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2014465

15. Valencia, E., A. Camps, J. F. Marchan-Hernandez, H. Park, X. Bosch-Lluis, N. Rodriguez-Alvarez, and I. Ramos-Perez, "Ocean surface's scattering coe±cient retrieval by delay-Doppler map inversion," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., Vol. 8, No. 4, 750-754, 2011.
doi:10.1109/LGRS.2011.2107500

16. National data buoy center, Sep. 2, 2012, Internet: http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station history.php?station=42040.

17. Gleason, S., "Remote sensing of ocean, ice and land surfaces using bistatically scattered GNSS signals from low earth orbit,", Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Surrey, Guildford, 2006.

Dr. Chen Li

Prof. Weimin Huang