Vol. 17
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERB 105 [2024] PIERB 104 [2024] PIERB 103 [2023] PIERB 102 [2023] PIERB 101 [2023] PIERB 100 [2023] PIERB 99 [2023] PIERB 98 [2023] PIERB 97 [2022] PIERB 96 [2022] PIERB 95 [2022] PIERB 94 [2021] PIERB 93 [2021] PIERB 92 [2021] PIERB 91 [2021] PIERB 90 [2021] PIERB 89 [2020] PIERB 88 [2020] PIERB 87 [2020] PIERB 86 [2020] PIERB 85 [2019] PIERB 84 [2019] PIERB 83 [2019] PIERB 82 [2018] PIERB 81 [2018] PIERB 80 [2018] PIERB 79 [2017] PIERB 78 [2017] PIERB 77 [2017] PIERB 76 [2017] PIERB 75 [2017] PIERB 74 [2017] PIERB 73 [2017] PIERB 72 [2017] PIERB 71 [2016] PIERB 70 [2016] PIERB 69 [2016] PIERB 68 [2016] PIERB 67 [2016] PIERB 66 [2016] PIERB 65 [2016] PIERB 64 [2015] PIERB 63 [2015] PIERB 62 [2015] PIERB 61 [2014] PIERB 60 [2014] PIERB 59 [2014] PIERB 58 [2014] PIERB 57 [2014] PIERB 56 [2013] PIERB 55 [2013] PIERB 54 [2013] PIERB 53 [2013] PIERB 52 [2013] PIERB 51 [2013] PIERB 50 [2013] PIERB 49 [2013] PIERB 48 [2013] PIERB 47 [2013] PIERB 46 [2013] PIERB 45 [2012] PIERB 44 [2012] PIERB 43 [2012] PIERB 42 [2012] PIERB 41 [2012] PIERB 40 [2012] PIERB 39 [2012] PIERB 38 [2012] PIERB 37 [2012] PIERB 36 [2012] PIERB 35 [2011] PIERB 34 [2011] PIERB 33 [2011] PIERB 32 [2011] PIERB 31 [2011] PIERB 30 [2011] PIERB 29 [2011] PIERB 28 [2011] PIERB 27 [2011] PIERB 26 [2010] PIERB 25 [2010] PIERB 24 [2010] PIERB 23 [2010] PIERB 22 [2010] PIERB 21 [2010] PIERB 20 [2010] PIERB 19 [2010] PIERB 18 [2009] PIERB 17 [2009] PIERB 16 [2009] PIERB 15 [2009] PIERB 14 [2009] PIERB 13 [2009] PIERB 12 [2009] PIERB 11 [2009] PIERB 10 [2008] PIERB 9 [2008] PIERB 8 [2008] PIERB 7 [2008] PIERB 6 [2008] PIERB 5 [2008] PIERB 4 [2008] PIERB 3 [2008] PIERB 2 [2008] PIERB 1 [2008]
2009-08-28
Study of Propagation Loss Prediction in Forest Environment
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 17, 117-133, 2009
Abstract
A comprehensive review of radio wave attenuation in forest environments is presented in this paper. The classic analytical methods of propagation loss modeling and prediction are described first. This provides information on the physical processes that the radio waves undergo while propagating through a forest. The focus of this paper is on the review and summary of the experimental work done in this area and the development of empirical propagation loss prediction models. The propagation loss variation due to external factors such as antenna height-gain, depolarization, humidity effect etc. are examined and discussed individually. In view of current research work done in this area, some possible future work is proposed to improve the performance of radio links in forest environment.
Citation
Yu Song Meng, Yee Hui Lee, and Boon Chong Ng, "Study of Propagation Loss Prediction in Forest Environment," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 17, 117-133, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERB09071901
References

1. Jensen, M. A. and J. W. Wallace, "A review of antennas and propagation for MIMO wireless communications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 11, 2810-2824, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.835272

2. Paulraj, A. J., D. A. Gore, R. U. Nabar, and H. Bolcskei, "An overview of MIMO communications --- A key to gigabit wireless," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 92, No. 2, 198-218, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TVT.2005.856194

3. Molisch, A. F., "Ultrawideband propagation channels --- Theory, measurement, and modeling ," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 54, No. 5, 1528-1545, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TVT.2005.856194

4. Bertoni, H. L., Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless Systems, Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, 2000.

5. Liao, D. and K. Sarabandi, "Near-earth wave propagation characteristics of electric dipole in presence of vegetation or snow layer," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 53, No. 11, 3747-3756, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.856347

6. Liao, D. and K. Sarabandi, "Modeling and simulation of nearearth propagation in presence of a truncated vegetation layer," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 3, 949-957, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.891812

7. Joshi, G. G., C. B. Dietrich, C. R. Anderson, W. G. Newhall, W. A. Davis, J. Isaacs, and G. Barnett, "Near-ground channel measurements over line-of-sight and forested paths," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 152, No. 6, 589-596, 2005.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:20050013

8. Anderson, C. R., H. I. Volos, W. C. Headley, F. C. B. Muller, and R. M. Buehrer, "Low antenna ultra wideband propagation measurements and modeling in a forest environment," Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Networking Conf., 1229-1234, Las Vegas, USA, 2008.

9. Tamir, T., "On radiowave propagation in forest environments," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 15, No. 6, 806-817, 1967.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1967.1139054

10. Dence, D. and T. Tamir, "Radio loss of lateral waves in forest environments," Radio Sci., Vol. 4, No. 4, 308-318, 1969.
doi:10.1029/RS004i004p00307

11. Tamir, T., "Radio waves propagation along mixed paths in forest environments," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 25, No. 4, 471-477, 1977.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1977.1141620

12. Le Palud, M., "Propagation modeling of VHF radio channel in forest environments," Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf., 609-614, Monterey, CA, 2004.

13. Cavalcante, G. P. S. and A. J. Giarola, "Optimization of radio communication in media with three layers," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 31, No. 1, 141-145, 1983.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1983.1142985

14. Li, Y. and H. Ling, "Numerical modeling and mechanism analysis of VHF wave propagation in forested environments using the equivalent slab model," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 91, 17-34, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09012306

15. Cavalcante, G. P. S., D. A. Rogers, and A. J. Giardola, "Radio loss in forests using a model with four layered media," Radio Sci., Vol. 18, No. 5, 691-695, 1983.
doi:10.1029/RS018i005p00691

16. Seker, S. S. and A. Schneider, "Stochastic model for pulsed radio transmission through stratified forests," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 134, No. 4, 361-368, 1987.

17. Seker, S. S., "Radio pulse transmission along mixed paths in a stratified forest," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 136, No. 1, 13-18, 1989.

18. Li, L. W., T. S. Yeo, P. S. Kooi, and M. S. Leong, "Radio wave propagation along mixed paths through a four-layered model of rain forest: An analytic approach," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 46, No. 7, 1098-1111, 1998.
doi:10.1109/8.704814

19. Koh, J. H., L. W. Li, P. S. Kooi, T. S. Yeo, and M. S. Leong, "Dominant lateral waves in canopy layer of a four-layered forest," Radio Sci., Vol. 34, No. 3, 681-691, 1999.
doi:10.1029/1999RS900007

20. Li, L. W., T. S. Yeo, P. S. Kooi, M. S. Leong, and J. H. Koh, "Analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in forest environment along multiple paths," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 13, No. 8, 1057-1059, 1999.
doi:10.1163/156939399X01212

21. Li, L. W., C. K. Lee, T. S. Yeo, and M. S. Leong, "Wave mode and path characteristics in an inhomogeneous anisotropic forest environment ," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 52, No. 9, 2445-2455, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2004.834021

22. Sarabandi, K. and I. S. Koh, "Effect of canopy-air interface roughness on HF-VHF wave propagation in forest," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 50, No. 2, 111-121, 2002.
doi:10.1109/8.997979

23. Koh, I. S., F. Wang, and K. Sarabandi, "Estimation of coherent field attenuation through dense foliage including multiple scattering," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 5, 1132-1135, 2003.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.813552

24. Wang, F. and K. Sarabandi, "An enhanced millimeter-wave foliage propagation model," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 53, No. 7, 2138-2145, 2005.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.850704

25. Wang, F. and K. Sarabandi, "A physics-based statistical model for wave propagation through foliage," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 3, 958-968, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.891841

26. Schwering, F. K., F. K., E. J. Violette, and R. H. Espeland, "Millimeter-Wave propagation in vegetation: Experiments and theory," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, No. 3, 355-367, 1988.
doi:10.1109/36.3037

27. Didascalou, D., M. Younis, and W. Wiesbeck, "Millimeter-wave scattering and penetration in isolated vegetation structures," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2106-2113, 2000.
doi:10.1109/36.868869

28. Fernandes, T., R. Cladeirinha, M. O. Al-Nuaimi, and J. Richter, "A discrete RET model for millimetre-wave propagation in isolated tree formations," IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol. E88-B, No. 6, 2411-2418, 2005.
doi:10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.6.2411

29. Weissberger, M. A., "An initial critical summary of models for predicting the attenuation of radio waves by foliage," Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center, Annapolis, MD, ECAC-TR-81-101, 1981.

30. CCIR, , Influences of terrain irregularities and vegetation on troposphere propagation, 235-236 CCIR Report, Geneva, 1986.

31. COST235, , Radio propagation effects on next-generation fixed-service terrestrial telecommunication systems, Final Report, Luxembourg, 1996.

32. Al-Nuaimi, M. O. and R. B. L. Stephens, "Measurements and prediction model optimization for signal attenuation in vegetation media at centimetre wave frequencies," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 145, No. 3, 201-206, 1998.
doi:10.1049/ip-map:19981883

33. Seville, A. and K. H. Craig, "Semi-empirical model for millimetre-wave vegetation attenuation rates," Electron. Lett., Vol. 31, No. 17, 1507-1508, 1995.
doi:10.1049/el:19951000

34. Seville, A., "Vegetation attenuation: Modeling and measurements at millimetric frequencies," Proc. 10th IEE Int. Conf. Antennas Propag., 2.5-2.8, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1997.

35. Rogers, N. C., A. Seville, J. Richter, D. Ndzi, N. Savage, R. Caldeirinha, A. Shukla, M. Al-Nuaimi, K. Craig, E. Vilar, and J. Austin, A generic model of 1{60 GHz radio propagation through vegetation-Final report, Tech. Report, Radiocommunications Agency, 2002.

36. Ziade, Y., H. Roussel, M. Lesturgie, and W. Tabbara, "A coherent model of forest propagation{application to detection and localization of targets using the DORT method," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, No. 4, 1048-1057, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.919150

37. Burrows, C. R., "Ultra-short-wave propagation in the jungle," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 14, No. 3, 386-388, 1966.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1966.1138698

38. Tewari, R. K., S. Swarup, and M. N. Roy, "Radio wave propagation through rain forests of India," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 38, No. 4, 433-449, 1990.
doi:10.1109/8.52261

39. Seker, S. S. and A. Schneider, "Experimental characterization of UHF radiowave propagation through forests," IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 140, No. 5, 329-335, 1993.

40. Kovacs, I. Z., P. C. F. Eggers, and K. Olesen, "Radio channel characterization for forest environments in the VHF and UHF frequency bands," Proc. IEEE 50th Veh. Technol. Conf., 1387-1391, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1999.

41. Goldman, J., G. W. Swenson, and Jr., "Radio wave propagation through woods," IEEE Mag. Antennas Propag., Vol. 41, No. 5, 34-36, 1999.
doi:10.1109/74.801512

42. Meng, Y. S., Y. H. Lee, and B. C. Ng, "Near ground channel characterization and modeling for a tropical forested path," Proc.29th URSI General Assembly, Chicago, USA, 2008.

43. Phaiboon, S. and S. Somkurnpanich, "Mobile path loss characteristics for low base station antenna height in different forest densities," Proc. First Int. Symp. Wireless Pervasive Computing, Phuket, Thailand, 2006.

44. Meng, Y. S., Y. H. Lee, and B. C. Ng, "Empirical near ground path loss modeling in a forest at VHF and UHF bands," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 57, No. 5, 1461-1468, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2009.2016703

45. Lagrone, A. H., "Propagation of VHF and UHF electromagnetic waves over a grove of trees in full leaf," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 25, No. 6, 866-869, 1977.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1977.1141708

46. Tewari, R. K., S. Swarup, and M. N. Roy, "An empirical result for the height gain in forest medium," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 32, No. 11, 1265-1268, 1984.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1984.1143232

47. Swarup, S. and R. K. Tewari, "Depolarization of radio waves in jungle environment," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 27, No. 1, 113-116, 1979.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1979.1142042

48. Kovacs, I. Z., P. C. F. Eggers, and K. Olesen, "Characterization of cross polarization discrimination in forest environments," Proc. IEEE 52nd Veh. Technol. Conf., 725-731, Boston, MA, USA, 2000.

49. Meeks, M. L., "VHF propagation over hilly, forested terrain," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 31, No. 3, 483-489, 1983.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1983.1143066

50. Low, K., "UHF measurement of seasonal field-strength variations in forests," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 37, No. 3, 121-124, 1988.
doi:10.1109/25.16537

51. Evans, N., "Seasonal propagation effects in an obstructed rural radio path at 462 MHz ," Electron. Lett., Vol. 31, No. 8, 674-675, 1995.
doi:10.1049/el:19950436

52. Meng, Y. S., Y. H. Lee, and B. C. Ng, "The effects of tropical weather on radio wave propagation over foliage channel," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 58, No. 9, May 2009.

53. Vincent, W. R. and G. H. Hagn, "Comments on the performance of VHF vehicular radio sets in tropical forests," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., Vol. 18, No. 2, 61-65, 1969.
doi:10.1109/T-VT.1969.23405

54. Meng, Y. S., Y. H. Lee, and B. C. Ng, "Study of the diversity reception in a forested environment," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., Vol. 8, No. 5, 2302-2305, 2009.
doi:10.1109/TWC.2009.081073

55. Matthaeis, P. D. and R. H. Lang, "Microwave scattering models for cylindrical vegetation components," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 40, 131-153, 2003.

56. Huang, E. X. and A. K. Fung, "Electromagnetic wave scattering from vegetation with odd-pinnate compound leaves," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 19, No. 2, 231-244, 2005.
doi:10.1163/1569393054497339