Vol. 141
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2013-08-05
Microwave: Effects and Implications in Transdermal Drug Delivery
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 141, 619-643, 2013
Abstract
This study investigated transdermal drug delivery mechanisms of pectin and pectin-oleic acid (OA) gels and their effects on skin barrier treated by microwave. Hydrophilic pectin-sulphanilamide gels, with or without OA penetration enhancer, were subjected to drug release and skin permeation studies. The skins were untreated or microwave-treated, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, thermal, electron microscopy and histology techniques. Unlike solid film, skin treatment by microwave at 2450 MHz demoted drug permeation especially from OA-rich pectin gel. The pectin-skin binding was facilitated by gel with freely soluble pectin molecules instead of solid film with entangled chains. It was promoted when microwave fluidized stratum corneum into structureless domains, or OA extracted endogenous lipid fraction and formed separate phases within intercellular lipid lamellae. This led to a remarkable decrease in transdermal drug permeation. Microwave-enhanced transdermal delivery must not be implemented with pectin gel. In skin treated by microwave, the penetration enhancer in gel can act as a permeation retardant.
Citation
Anuar Nor Khaizan, and Tin Wui Wong, "Microwave: Effects and Implications in Transdermal Drug Delivery," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 141, 619-643, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER13061604
References

1. Barry, B. W., "Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery," Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 14, 101-114, 2001.
doi:10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00167-1

2. Ranade, V. V., "Drug delivery systems. 6. Transdermal drug delivery," J. Clin. Pharmacol., Vol. 31, 401-418, 1991.
doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb01895.x

3. Arora, A., M. R. Prausnitz, and S. Mitragotri, "Micro-scale devices for transdermal drug delivery," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 364, 227-236, 2008.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.032

4. Nor Khaizan, A., T. W. Wong, and T. Mohd Nasir, "Microwave modified non-crosslinked pectin films with modulated drug release," Pharm. Dev. Technol., Vol. 17, 110-117, 2012.
doi:10.3109/10837450.2010.522584

5. Davidson, A., B. Al-Qallaf, and D. B. Das, "Transdermal drug delivery by coated microneedles: Geometry effects on effective skin thickness and drug permeability," Chem. Eng. Res. Des., Vol. 86, 1196-1206, 2008.
doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2008.06.002

6. Gill, H. S. and M. R. Prausnitz, "Coated microneedles for transdermal delivery," J. Controlled Release, Vol. 117, 227-237, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.10.017

7. Li, G., A. Badkar, S. Nema, C. S. Kolli, and A. K. Banga, "In vitro transdermal delivery of therapeutic antibodies using maltose microneedles," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 368, 109-115, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.008

8. Teo, A. L., C. Shearwood, K. C. Ng, J. Lu, and S. Moochhala, "Transdermal microneedles for drug delivery applications," Mater. Sci. Eng. B, Vol. 132, 151-154, 2006.
doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2006.02.008

9. Henchoz, Y., N. Abla, J. L. Veuthey, and P. A. Carrupt, "A fast screening strategy for characterizing peptide delivery by transdermal iontophoresis," J. Controlled Release, Vol. 137, 123-129, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.018

10. Che, X., L.-H. Wang, Y. Yuan, Y.-N. Gao, Q.-F. Wang, Y. Yang, and S.-M. Li, "A novel method to enhance the efficiency of drug transdermal iontophoresis delivery by using complexes of drug and ion-exchange fibers," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 428, 68-75, 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.02.039

11. Lavon, I. and J. Kost, "Ultrasound and transdermal drug delivery," Drug Discov. Today, Vol. 9, 670-676, 2004.
doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03170-8

12. Mitragotri, S., J. Farrell, H. Tang, T. Terahara, J. Kost, and R. Langer, "Determination of threshold energy dose for ultrasound-induced transdermal drug transport," J. Controlled Release, Vol. 63, 41-52, 2000.
doi:10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00178-9

13. Park, D., H. Ryu, H. S. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, K.-S. Choi, H. Park, and J. Seo, "Sonophoresis using ultrasound contrast agents for transdermal drug delivery: An in vivo experimental study," Ultrasound Med. Biol., Vol. 38, 642-650, 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.12.015

14. Lee, S., D. J. McAuliffe, T. J. Flotte, N. Kollias, and A. G. Doukas, "Photomechanical transcutaneous delivery of macromolecules," J. Invest. Dermatol., Vol. 111, 925-929, 1998.
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00415.x

15. Denet, A. R., R. Vanbever, and V. Preat, "Skin electroporation for transdermal and topical delivery," Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., Vol. 56, 659-674, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.027

16. Zan, J., G. Jiang, Y. Lin, F. Tan, and F. Ding, "Transdermal delivery of piroxicam by surfactant mediated electroporation," Tsinghua Sci. Technol., Vol. 10, 542-547, 2005.
doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(05)70115-2

17. Naik, A., Y. N. Kalia, and R. H. Guy, "Transdermal drug delivery: Overcoming the skin's barrier function," Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today, Vol. 3, 318-326, 2000.
doi:10.1016/S1461-5347(00)00295-9

18. Thomas, B. J. and B. C. Finnin, "The transdermal revolution," Drug Discov. Today, Vol. 9, 697-703, 2004.
doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03180-0

19. Wong, T. W., "Use of microwave in processing of drug delivery systems," Curr. Drug Deliv., Vol. 5, 77-84, 2008.
doi:10.2174/156720108783954842

20. Goksu, E. I., G. Sumnu, and A. Esin, "Effect of microwave on fluidized bed drying of macaroni beads," J. Food Eng., Vol. 66, 463-468, 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.017

21. Lee, K. Y., B. J. Park, D. H. Lee, I.-S. Lee, S. O. Hyun, K.-H. Chung, and J.-C. Park, "Sterilization of Escherichia coli and MRSA using microwave-induced argon plasma at atmospheric pressure," Surface & Coatings Technol., Vol. 193, 35-38, 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.034

22. Schneider, J., K. M. Baumgartner, J. Feichtinger, J. Kruger, P. Muranyi, A. Schulz, M. Walker, J. Wunderlich, and U. Schumacher, "Investigation of the practicability of low-pressure microwave plasmas in the sterilization of food packaging materials at industrial level," Surface & Coatings Technol., Vol. 200, 962-966, 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.114

23. Anscher, M. S., C. Lee, H. Hurwitz, D. Tyler, L. R. Prosnitz, P. Jowell, G. Rosner, T. Samulski, and M. W. Dewhirst, "A pilot study of preoperative continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil, external microwave hyperthermia, and external beam radiotherapy for treatment of locally advanced, unresectable, or recurrent rectal cancer," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., Vol. 47, 719-724, 2000.
doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00473-9

24. Colombo, R., A. Lev, L. F. Da Pozzo, M. Freschi, G. Gallus, and P. Rigatti, "A new approach using local combined microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy in superficial transitional bladder carcinoma treatment," J. Urol., Vol. 153, 959-963, 1995.
doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67613-4

25. Djavan, B., T. R. Larson, M. L. Blute, and M. Marberger, "Transurethral microwave thermotherapy: What role should it play versus medical management in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia," J. Urol., Vol. 52, 935-947, 1998.
doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00471-3

26. Van der Heijden, A. G., L. A. Kiemeney, O. N. Gofrit, O. Nativ, A. Sidi, Z. Leib, R. Colombo, R. Naspro, M. Pavone, J. Baniel, F. Hasner, and J. A. Witjes, "Preliminary european results of local microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy treatment in intermediate or high risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder," Eur. Urol., Vol. 46, 65-72, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.01.019

27. Giombini, A., V. Giovannini, A. Di Cesare, P. Pacetti, N. Ichinoseki-Sekine, M. Shiraishi, H. Naito, and N. Maffulli, "Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in the management of muscle and tendon injuries," Br. Med. Bull., Vol. 83, 379-396, 2007.
doi:10.1093/bmb/ldm020

28. Korpan, N. N. and T. Saradeth, "Clinical effects of continuous microwave for postoperative septic wound treatment: A double-blind controlled trial," Am. J. Surg., Vol. 170, 271-276, 1995.
doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80013-3

29. Bain, C., K. G. Cooper, and D. E. Parkin, "Microwave endometrial ablation versus endometrial resection: A randomized controlled trial," Obstet. Gynecol., Vol. 99, 983-987, 2002.
doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)01663-0

30. Saleh, W. and N. Qaddoumi, "Breast cancer detection using non-invasive near-field microwave nondestructive testing techniques," Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics, 109-112, 2003.

31. Massood, T. A. and Y. Wang, "Design and fabrication of scanning near-field microwave probes compatible with atomic force microscopy to image embedded nanostructures," IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 52, 971-979, 2004.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2004.823596

32. Nor Khaizan, A., T. W. Wong, D. K. Ghodgaonkar, and T. Mohd Nasir, "Characterization of hydroxypropylmethylcellu-lose films using microwave non-destructive testing technique," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., Vol. 43, 549-557, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.08.014

33. Wong, T. W., D. K. Ghodgaonkar, T. Mohd Nasir, and A. Nor Khaizan, "Microwave non-destructive testing technique for characterization of HPMC-PEG 3000 films," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 343, 122-130, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.05.034

34. Nurjaya, S. and T. W. Wong, "Effects of microwave on drug release properties of matrices of pectin," Carbohyd. Polym., Vol. 62, 245-257, 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.07.029

35. Radman, E. M. and T. W. Wong, "Effects of microwave on drug release responses of spray-dried alginate microspheres," Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., Vol. 36, 1149-1167, 2010.
doi:10.3109/03639041003695063

36. Wong, T. W. and N. Sumiran, "Drug release property of chitosan-pectinate beads and its changes under the influence of microwave," Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Vol. 69, 176-188, 2008.
doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.09.015

37. Zakaria, Z. and T. W. Wong, "Chitosan spheroids with microwave modulated drug release," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 99, 355-382, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIER09101001

38. Wong, T. W., L. W. Chan, S. B. Kho, and P. W. S. Heng, "Aging and microwave effects on alginate/chitosan matrices," J. Controlled Release, Vol. 104, 461-475, 2005.
doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.03.003

39. Wong, T. W., A. W. Selasiah, and A. Yolande, "Effects of microwave on drug release property of poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) matrix," Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., Vol. 33, 737-746, 2007.
doi:10.1080/03639040601015513

40. Wong, T. W., A. W. Selasiah, and A. Yolande, "Drug release responses of zinc ion crosslinked poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) matrix towards microwave," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 357, 154-163, 2008.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.047

41. Moghimi, H. R., A. Alinaghi, and M. Erfan, "Investigating the potential of non-thermal microwave as a novel skin penetration enhancement method," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 401, 47-50, 2010.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.008

42. Wong, T. W. and A. Nor Khaizan, "Physicochemical modulation of skin barrier by microwave for transdermal drug delivery," Pharm. Res., Vol. 30, 90-103, 2013.
doi:10.1007/s11095-012-0852-z

43. Costa, P. and J. M. S. Lobo, "Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles," Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 13, 123-133, 2001.
doi:10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00095-1

44. Srivastava, P. and R. Malviya, "Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry - An overview," Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour., Vol. 2, 10-18, 2011.

45. Rowat, A. C., N. Kitson, and J. L. Thewalt, "Interactions of oleic acid and model stratum corneum membranes as seen by 2H NMR," Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 307, 225-231, 2006.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.008

46. Silva, C. L., D. Topgaard, V. Kocherbitov, J. J. S. Sousa, A. A. C. C. Pais, and E. Sparr, "Stratum corneum hydration: Phase transformations and mobility in stratum corneum, extracted lipids and isolated corneocytes," Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Vol. 1768, 2647-2659, 2007.
doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.028

47. Williams, A. C. and B. W. Barry, "Penetration enhancers," Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., Vol. 56, 603-618, 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.025

48. Melot, M., P. D. A. Pudney, A. M. Williamson, P. J. Caspers, A. van Der Pol, and G. J. Puppels, "Studying the effectiveness of penetration enhancers to deliver retinol through the stratum corneum by in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy," J. Controlled Release, Vol. 138, 32-39, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.023

49. Wartewig, S., R. Neubert, W. Rettig, and K. Hesse, "Structure of stratum corneum lipids characterized by FT-Raman spectroscopy and DSC. IV. Mixtures of ceramides and oleic acid," Chem. Phys. Lipids, Vol. 91, 145-152, 1998.
doi:10.1016/S0009-3084(97)00105-9

50. Zbytovska, J., K. Vavrova, M. A. Kiselev, P. Lessieur, S.Wartewig, and R. H. H. Neubert, "The effects of transdermal permeation enhancers on thermotropic phase behaviour of a stratum corneum lipid model," Colloid Surface A, Vol. 351, 30-37, 2009.
doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.025