Vol. 128
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIER 179 [2024] PIER 178 [2023] PIER 177 [2023] PIER 176 [2023] PIER 175 [2022] PIER 174 [2022] PIER 173 [2022] PIER 172 [2021] PIER 171 [2021] PIER 170 [2021] PIER 169 [2020] PIER 168 [2020] PIER 167 [2020] PIER 166 [2019] PIER 165 [2019] PIER 164 [2019] PIER 163 [2018] PIER 162 [2018] PIER 161 [2018] PIER 160 [2017] PIER 159 [2017] PIER 158 [2017] PIER 157 [2016] PIER 156 [2016] PIER 155 [2016] PIER 154 [2015] PIER 153 [2015] PIER 152 [2015] PIER 151 [2015] PIER 150 [2015] PIER 149 [2014] PIER 148 [2014] PIER 147 [2014] PIER 146 [2014] PIER 145 [2014] PIER 144 [2014] PIER 143 [2013] PIER 142 [2013] PIER 141 [2013] PIER 140 [2013] PIER 139 [2013] PIER 138 [2013] PIER 137 [2013] PIER 136 [2013] PIER 135 [2013] PIER 134 [2013] PIER 133 [2013] PIER 132 [2012] PIER 131 [2012] PIER 130 [2012] PIER 129 [2012] PIER 128 [2012] PIER 127 [2012] PIER 126 [2012] PIER 125 [2012] PIER 124 [2012] PIER 123 [2012] PIER 122 [2012] PIER 121 [2011] PIER 120 [2011] PIER 119 [2011] PIER 118 [2011] PIER 117 [2011] PIER 116 [2011] PIER 115 [2011] PIER 114 [2011] PIER 113 [2011] PIER 112 [2011] PIER 111 [2011] PIER 110 [2010] PIER 109 [2010] PIER 108 [2010] PIER 107 [2010] PIER 106 [2010] PIER 105 [2010] PIER 104 [2010] PIER 103 [2010] PIER 102 [2010] PIER 101 [2010] PIER 100 [2010] PIER 99 [2009] PIER 98 [2009] PIER 97 [2009] PIER 96 [2009] PIER 95 [2009] PIER 94 [2009] PIER 93 [2009] PIER 92 [2009] PIER 91 [2009] PIER 90 [2009] PIER 89 [2009] PIER 88 [2008] PIER 87 [2008] PIER 86 [2008] PIER 85 [2008] PIER 84 [2008] PIER 83 [2008] PIER 82 [2008] PIER 81 [2008] PIER 80 [2008] PIER 79 [2008] PIER 78 [2008] PIER 77 [2007] PIER 76 [2007] PIER 75 [2007] PIER 74 [2007] PIER 73 [2007] PIER 72 [2007] PIER 71 [2007] PIER 70 [2007] PIER 69 [2007] PIER 68 [2007] PIER 67 [2007] PIER 66 [2006] PIER 65 [2006] PIER 64 [2006] PIER 63 [2006] PIER 62 [2006] PIER 61 [2006] PIER 60 [2006] PIER 59 [2006] PIER 58 [2006] PIER 57 [2006] PIER 56 [2006] PIER 55 [2005] PIER 54 [2005] PIER 53 [2005] PIER 52 [2005] PIER 51 [2005] PIER 50 [2005] PIER 49 [2004] PIER 48 [2004] PIER 47 [2004] PIER 46 [2004] PIER 45 [2004] PIER 44 [2004] PIER 43 [2003] PIER 42 [2003] PIER 41 [2003] PIER 40 [2003] PIER 39 [2003] PIER 38 [2002] PIER 37 [2002] PIER 36 [2002] PIER 35 [2002] PIER 34 [2001] PIER 33 [2001] PIER 32 [2001] PIER 31 [2001] PIER 30 [2001] PIER 29 [2000] PIER 28 [2000] PIER 27 [2000] PIER 26 [2000] PIER 25 [2000] PIER 24 [1999] PIER 23 [1999] PIER 22 [1999] PIER 21 [1999] PIER 20 [1998] PIER 19 [1998] PIER 18 [1998] PIER 17 [1997] PIER 16 [1997] PIER 15 [1997] PIER 14 [1996] PIER 13 [1996] PIER 12 [1996] PIER 11 [1995] PIER 10 [1995] PIER 09 [1994] PIER 08 [1994] PIER 07 [1993] PIER 06 [1992] PIER 05 [1991] PIER 04 [1991] PIER 03 [1990] PIER 02 [1990] PIER 01 [1989]
2012-06-01
Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering from Sea Ice
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 267-290, 2012
Abstract
The Antarctic continent is an extremely suitable environment for the application of remote sensing technology as it is one of the harshest places on earth. Satellite images of the terrain can be properly interpreted with thorough understanding of the microwave scattering process. The proper model development for backscattering can be used to test the assumptions on the dominating scattering mechanisms. In this paper, the formulation and analysis of a multilayer model used for sea ice terrain is presented. The multilayer model is extended from the previous single layer model developed based on the Radiative Transfer theory. The Radiative Transfer theory is chosen because of its simplicity and ability to incorporate multiple scattering effects into the calculations. The propagation of energy in the medium is characterized by the extinction and phase matrices. The model also incorporates the Dense Medium Phase and Amplitude Correction Theory (DM-PACT) where it takes into account the close spacing effect among scatterers. The air-snow interface, snowsea ice interface and sea ice-ocean interface are modelled using the Integral Equation Method (IEM). The simulated backscattering coefficients for co- and crosspolarization using the developed model for 1 GHz and 10 GHz are presented. In addition, the simulated backscattering coefficients from the multilayer model were compared with the measurement results obtained from Coordinated Eastern Artic Experiment (CEAREX) (Grenfell, 1992) and with the results obtained from the model developed by Saibun Tjuatja (based on the Matrix Doubling method) in 1992.
Citation
Mohan Dass Albert, Yu Jen Lee, Hong-Tat Ewe, and Hean-Teik Chuah, "Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering from Sea Ice," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 128, 267-290, 2012.
doi:10.2528/PIER12020205
References

1. Livingstone, C. E., P. S. Keshava, and A. L. Gray, "Seasonal and regional variations of active/passive microwave signature of sea ice," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 25, 159-173, 1982.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.1987.289815

2. Shin, R. T., Theoretical Models for Microwave Remote Sensing of Earth Terrain, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1984.

3. Winebrenner, D. P., T. C. Grenfell, and L. Tsang, "On microwave sea ice signature modeling: Connecting models to the real world," Proceedings in the IGARSS'92 Conference, 1268-1270, Houston,1992.

4. Fung, A. K., M. Dawson, and S. Tjuatja, "An analysis of scattering from thin saline ice layer," Proceedings in IGARSS'92 Conference, 1262-1264, Houston,1992.

5. Fung, A. K., "Application of a combined rough surface and volume scattering theory to sea ice and snow backscatter," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 20, 528-536, 1982.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.1982.350421

6. Golden, K. M., M. Cheney, K. H. Ding, A. K. Fung, T. C. Grenfell, D. Isaacson, J. A. Kong, S. V. Nghiem, J. Sylvester, and D. P. Winebrenner, "Forward electromagnetic scattering models for sea ice," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote, Vol. 36, No. 5, 1655-1674, 1998.
doi:10.1109/36.718637

7. Lee, Y. J., W. K. Lim, and H. T. Ewe, "A study of an inversion model for sea ice thickness retrieval in ross island, antarctica," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 111, 381-406, 2011.
doi:10.2528/PIER10100411

8. Borgeaud, M., J. A. Kong, and F. C. Lin, "Microwave remote sensing of snow-covered sea ice," Proceedings in IGARSS'86 Conference, 73-89, Munich,1986.

9. Borgeaud, M., S. V. Nghiem, R. T. Shin, and J. A. Kong, "Theoretical models for polarimetric microwave remote sensing of Earth terrain," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Application, Vol. 3, No. 1, 61-81, 1989.
doi:10.1163/156939389X00052

10. Lin, F. C., J. A. Kong, and R. T. Shin, "Theoretical models for active and passive microwave remote sensing of snow-covered sea ice," Proceedings in IGARSS'87 Conference, 1121-1125, Michigan,1987.

11. Lee, J. K. and J. A. Kong, "Active microwave remote sensing of an anisotropic random medium layer," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, 910-923, 1985.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.1985.289478

12. Lee, J. K. and J. A. Kong, "Passive microwave remote sensing of an anisotropic random medium layer," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, 924-932, 1985.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.1985.289479

13. Carlstrom, A., "A microwave backscattering model for deformed first-year sea ice and comparisons with SAR data," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, No. 2, 378-391, 1997.
doi:10.1109/36.563277

14. Ulaby, F. T., R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing, Active and Passive, Vol. III: From Theory to Applications, Artech House Inc.,Norwood,1986.

15. Tjuatja, S., A. K. Fung, J. Bredow, R. Hosseinmostafa, S. Gogineni, and V. Lytle, "Analysis of backscattering from snow covers on arctic and Antarctic sea ice," Proceedings in IGARSS'93 Conference, 1035-1037, Tokyo,1993.

16. Ewe, H. T. and H. T. Chuah, "A study of dense medium effect using a simple backscattering model," Proceedings in IGARSS'97 Conference, 1427-1429, Singapore,1997.

17. Chuah, H. T., S. Tjuatja, A. K. Fung, and J. W. Bredow, "A phase matrix for a dense discrete random medium: Evaluation of volume scattering coeffcient," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 34, No. 5, 1137-1143, 1996.
doi:10.1109/36.536529

18. Fung, A. K., Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications, Artech House, Norwood,1994.

19. Chandrasekhar, S., "Radiative Transfer,", Dover,New York,1960.

20. Fung, A. K. and H. J. Eom, "A study of backscattering and emission from closely packed inhomogeneous media," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, No. 5, 761-767, 1985.
doi:10.1109/TGRS.1985.289395

21. Fung, A. K., Z. Li, and K. S. Chen, "Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, 356-369, 1992.
doi:10.1109/36.134085

22. Ewe, H. T., H. T. Chuah, and A. K. Fung, "A backscatter model for a dense discrete medium: Analysis and numerical results," Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 65, No. 2, 195-203, 1998.
doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00027-3

23. Albert, M. D., T. E. Tan, H. T. Ewe, and H. T. Chuah, "A theoretical and measurement study of sea ice and ice shelf in antarctica as electrically dense media," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 19, No. 14, 1973-1981, 2005.
doi:10.1163/156939305775570639

24. Ewe, H. T., H. T. Chuah, and A. K. Fung, "A backscatter model for a dense discrete medium: Analysis and numerical results," Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 65, No. 2, 195-203, 1998.
doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00027-3

25. Grenfell, T. C., "Surface-based passive microwave study of multiyear sea ice," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, No. C9, 3485-3501, 1992.
doi:10.1029/91JC02651

26. Tjuatja, S., Theoretical Scatter and Emission Models for Inhomogeneous Layers with Applications to Snow and Sea Ice, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas, Arlington,1992.

27. Tjuatja, S., A. K. Fung, and J. Bredow, "A scattering model for snow-covered sea ice," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 4, 804-810, 1992.
doi:10.1109/36.158876

28. Ulaby, F. T., R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing, Active and Passive, Vol. II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts1982.