volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

This article demonstrates the design development, fabrication, and testing of an off-set edge-fed monopole hybrid fractal antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications at a design frequency of 3.2 GHz. The proposed monopole antenna is compact 38.12 mm × 38.42 mm, slotted, and uses a combination of two numbers of Koch plus Minkowski hybrid fractal technology. Antenna resonates at four frequencies i.e. quad tuned (3.2 GHz, 4.94 GHz, 7.21 GHz, and 10.10 GHz). The reflection coefficient, S₁₁ < -10 dB obtained for the excellent UWB fractional bandwidth 119.55% (2.85 GHz to 11.32 GHz) is more than the standard FCC bandwidth (3.1 GHz-10.6 GHz). The antenna has gained 6.73 dBi at 3.49 GHz, 5.91 dBi at 5.52 GHz, 8.26 dBi at 6.81 GHz, and 8.02 dBi at 10 GHz with a maximum radiation efficiency of 89.81%. The main feature of the proposed work is that the antenna is circularly polarized in frequency bands 3.14 GHz-3.30 GHz (Axial ratio: 1.61 dB) and 9.07 GHz-9.45 GHz (Axial ratio: 2 dB) and elsewhere linearly polarized. A total of 16.37% antenna size miniaturization has been achieved with excellent UWB and S₁₁ performance. The measured and simulated reflection coefficients are found in good agreement. Therefore the fabricated and tested antenna is well suitable for Wi-Max (3.3/3.5/5.5 GHz), ISM (5.725-5.875 GHz), WLAN (3.6/4.9/5.0/5.9 GHz), military band applications (radio location, fixed-satellite and mobile-satellite, S-band, C-band and X-band satellite communications, etc.), aeronautical radio navigation, radio astronomy, ITU-8, Sub-6 GHz band, and Radar applications.

1. Azim, R. and M. T. Islam, "Compact planar UWB antenna with band notch characteristics for WLAN and DSRC," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 133, 391-406, 2013.
doi:10.2528/PIER12090601

2. Syed, A. and R. W. Aldhaheri, "A very compact and low profile UWB planar antenna with WLAN band rejection," The Sci. World J., Vol. 7, 1-7, 2016.
doi:10.1155/2016/3560938

3. Gianvittorio, J. P. and Y. R. Samii, "Fractal antennas, a novel antenna miniaturization technique, and applications," IEEE Ants. and Propaga. Mag., Vol. 44, No. 1, 20-36, 2002.
doi:10.1109/74.997888

4. Werner, D. H. and S. Ganguly, "An overview of fractal antenna engineering research," IEEE Ants. and Propag. Mag., Vol. 45, No. 1, 38-57, 2003.
doi:10.1109/MAP.2003.1189650

5. Mirzapour, B. and H. R. Hassani, "Size reduction and bandwidth enhancement of snowflake fractal antenna," IET Microw., Ants. & Propag., Vol. 2, No. 2, 180-187, 2008.
doi:10.1049/iet-map:20070133

6. Park, J. K., H. S. An, and J. N. Lee, "Design of the tree-shaped UWB antenna using a fractal concept," Microw. and Opt. Tech. Lett., Vol. 50, No. 1, 144-150, 2008.
doi:10.1002/mop.23010

7. Thakare, Y. B. and R. Kumar, "Design of fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross-section reduction," IET Microw., Ant. & Propag., Vol. 4, No. 2, 175-181, 2010.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2008.0325

8. Azari, A., "A new super wideband fractal microstrip antenna," IEEE Trans. on Ant. and Propag., Vol. 59, No. 5, 1724-1727, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2128294

9. Pourahmadazar, J., C. Ghobadi, and J. Nourinia, "Novel modified pythagorean tree fractal monopole antennas for UWB applications," IEEE Ant. and Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 1, No. 10, 484-487, 2011.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2011.2154354

10. Maza, A. R., B. Cook, G. Jabbour, and A. Shamim, "Paper-based inkjet-printed ultra-wideband fractal antennas," IET Microw. Ants. and Propag., Vol. 6, No. 12, 1366-1373, 2012.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2012.0243

11. Fallahi, H. and Z. Atlasbaf, "Study of a class of UWB CPW-fed monopole antenna with fractal elements," vIEEE Ant. and Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 12, 1484-1487, 2013.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2289868

12. Reddy, V. V. and N. V. S. N. Sharma, "Triband circularly polarized Koch fractal boundary microstrip antenna," IEEE Ant. and Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 13, 1057-1060, 2014.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2014.2327566

13. Amini, A. and H. Oraizi, "Miniaturized UWB log-periodic square fractal antenna," IEEE Ant. and Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 14, 1322-1325, 2015.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2411712

14. Zhao, Y.-L., Y.-C. Jiao, G. Zhao, L. Zhang, Y. Song, and Z.-B. Wong, "Compact planar monopole UWB antenna with band-notched characteristic," Microw. and Opt. Tech. Lett., Vol. 50, No. 10, 2656-2658, 2008.
doi:10.1002/mop.23717

15. Liu, H.-W., C.-H. Ku, T.-S. Wang, and C.-F. Yang, "Compact monopole antenna with band-notched characteristic for UWB applications," IEEE Ant. and Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 9, No. 1, 397-400, 2010.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2010.2049633

16. Patil, S. and V. Rohokale, "Multiband smart fractal antenna design for converged 5G wireless networks," International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC), 1-5, Pune, 2015.

17. Abdalla, M. A., A. A. Ibrahim, and A. Boutejdar, "Resonator switching techniques for notched ultra-wideband antenna in wireless applications," IET Microw., Ant. and Propag., Vol. 9, No. 13, 1468-1477, 2015.
doi:10.1049/iet-map.2014.0838

18. Zarrabia, F. B., Z. Mansourib, N. P. Gandjic, and H. Kuhestanib, "Triple-notch UWB monopole antenna with fractal Koch and T-shaped stub," AEU --- Intern. J. of Electr. and Comm., Vol. 70, No. 1, 64-69, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2015.10.001

19. Yadav, A., D. Sethi, and R. K. Khanna, "Slot loaded UWB antenna: Dual band-notched characteristics," AEU Intern. J. of Electr. and Comm., Vol. 70, No. 8, 331-335, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2015.12.014

20. Abdelaziz, A., K. Ehab, and I. Hamad, "Design of a compact high gain microstrip patch antenna for tri-band 5G wireless communication," Frequenz, Vol. 73, 45-52, 2018.

21. Liu, S., S. Qi, W.Wu, and D.-G. Fang, "Single-fed dual-band dual-polarized U-slot patch antenna," IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), 2013.

22. Kaur, N. and N. Sharma, "Designing of slotted microstrip patch antenna using Inset Cut line feed for S, C and X-band applications," Internat. J. of Electr. Engg. R., Vol. 9, No. 8, 957-969, 2017.

23. Shimizu, K. and T. Fujimoto, "A printed inverted-F antenna for dual-band dual-sense circular polarization," IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM), 1-1, August 201.

24. Varshney, A., T. M. Neebha, V. Sharma, J. Grace, and A. Diana, "Dodecagon-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna practically loaded with 3-Delta structures for ISM band and wireless applications," IETE Journal of Research, 1-13, 2022.
doi:10.1080/03772063.2022.2034536

25. Varshney, A., N. Cholake, and V. Sharma, "Low-cost ELC-UWB fan-shaped antenna using parasitic SRR triplet for ISM band and PCS applications," Inter. J. of Electr. Lett., Vol. 10, No. 4, 391-402, 2021.
doi:10.1080/21681724.2021.1966655

26. Kshetrimayum, R. S., "An introduction to UWB communication systems," IEEE Potentials, Vol. 28, No. 2, 9-13, 2009.
doi:10.1109/MPOT.2009.931847

27. Ali, T., B. K. Subhash, S. Pathan, and R. C. Biradar, "A compact decagonal-shaped UWB monopole planar antenna with the truncated ground plane," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 60, 2937-2944, 2018.
doi:10.1002/mop.31448

28. Verma, I., P. Singh, H. Kumar, and M. R. Tripathy, "Maple leaf planar fractal antenna for energy harvesting applications," Proceeding of the International Conference on Intelligent Communication, Control, and Devices, of the Series Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol. 479, 919-925, 2016.

29. Swedheetha, C., M. Suganya, P. Gunapandian, and B. Manimegalai, "Minkowski fractal based antenna for cognitive radio," IEEE Intern. Micro and RF Conf. (IMaRC), 166-169, Bangalore, 2014.

30. Wei, K., J. Y. Li, L. Wang, Z. J. Xing, and R. Xu, "Mutual coupling reduction by novel fractal defected ground structure bandgap filter," IEEE Trans. on Ant. and Propag., Vol. 64, No. 10, 4328-4335, 2016.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2591058

31. Fonseca, D., F. Pereira, Ulysses, and R. C. Vitor, "Study of patch antennas with koch curve form slots," J. of Microw., Optoelectr. and Electromag. Appl., Vol. 18, 399-407, 2019.
doi:10.1590/2179-10742019v18i31672

32. Sharma, N. and V. Sharma, "A design of microstrip patch antenna using hybrid fractal slot for wideband applications," Ain. Shams. Engineering Journal, Vol. 9, 2491-2497, 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.asej.2017.05.008

33. Tizyi, H., F. Riouch, A. Tribak, A. Najid, and A. M. Sanchez, "CPW and microstrip line-fed compact fractal antenna for UWB-RFID applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 65, 201-209, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERC16041110

34. Ladhar, L., M. Zarouan, D. Oueslati, J.-M. Floch, and H. Rmili, "Investigation on cellular-automata irregular-fractal ultra wideband slot-antennas," Microw. and Optic. Tech. Lett., Vol. 57, No. 11, 2506-2514, 2015.
doi:10.1002/mop.29367

35. Kim, G. and S. Kim, "Design, and analysis of dual polarized broadband microstrip patch antenna for 5G mm-wave antenna module on FR4 substrate," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, 64306-64316, 2021.
doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3075495

Dr. Sanjay Singh

Dr. Atul Varshney

Prof. Vipul Sharma

Dr. Issa Tamer Elfergani

Prof. Chemseddine Zebiri

Dr. Jonathan Rodriguez