volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

According to the characteristic mode basis function method (CMBFM) in analyzing electrically large problems, blocking and extending lead to the problem of slow convergence in the iterative solution of a reduced matrix equation, and the characteristic mode basis function method combined with principal component analysis (CMBFM-PCA) is proposed in this study. The characteristic modes (CMs), calculated from each extended block, are subjected to PCA to enhance the orthogonality between them and improve the reduced matrix's condition number to facilitate its quick convergence through an iterative solution. The corresponding numerical calculations demonstrate that significant efficiency and accuracy are achieved by the proposed method.

1. Harrington, R. F., Field Computation by Moment Methods, Macmillan, New York, 1968.

2. Bleszynski, E., M. Bleszynski, and T. Jaroszewicz, "Adaptive integral method for solving large-scale electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems," Radio Sci., Vol. 31, No. 5, 1225-1251, Oct. 1996.
doi:10.1029/96RS02504

3. Zhao, K., M. Vouvakis, and J. F. Lee, "The adaptive cross approximation algorithm for accelerated MoM computations of EMC problems," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 47, No. 4, 763-773, Nov. 2005.
doi:10.1109/TEMC.2005.857898

4. Tamayo, J. M., A. Heldring, and J. M. Rius, "Multilevel adaptive cross approximation (MLACA)," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 59, No. 12, 4600-4608, Dec. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2165476

5. Song, J. M. and W. C. Chew, "Multilevel fast multipole algorithm for solving combined field integral equations of electromagnetic scattering," Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 10, No. 1, 14-19, Sep. 1995.
doi:10.1002/mop.4650100107

6. Lucente, E., A. Monorchio, and R. Mittra, "An iteration free MoM approach based on excitation independent characteristic basis functions for solving large multiscale electromagnetic scattering problems," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, No. 4, 999-1007, Apr. 2008.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2008.919166

7. Harrington, R. and J. Mautz, "Theory of characteristic modes for conducting bodies," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 19, No. 5, 622-628, Sep. 1971.
doi:10.1109/TAP.1971.1139999

8. Gao, X., G. Tian, Z. Shou, and S. Li, "A low-profile broadband circularly polarized patch antenna based on characteristic mode analysis," IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 20, No. 2, 214-218, Feb. 2021.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2020.3044320

9. Fu, C., C. Feng, W. Chu, Y. Yue, X. Zhu, and W. Gu, "Design of a broadband high-gain omnidirectional antenna with low cross polarization based on characteristic mode theory," IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 21, No. 9, 1747-1751, Sep. 2022.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2022.3179144

10. Lin, F. H. and Z. N. Chen, "Low-profile wideband metasurface antennas using characteristic mode analysis," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 65, No. 4, 1706-1713, Apr. 2017.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2017.2671036

11. Angiulli, G., G. Amendola, and G. Di Massa, "Application of characteristic modes to the analysis of scattering from microstrip antennas," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 14, No. 8, 1063-1081, Jan. 2090.
doi:10.1163/156939300X00978

12. Wang, P., Z. G. Wang, Y. F. Sun, et al. "A characteristic mode basis function method for solving wide angle electromagnetic scattering problems," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 36, No. 14, 1968-1979, Mar. 2022.
doi:10.1080/09205071.2022.2051211

13. Jia, C., P. Gu, Z. He, et al. "Convergence acceleration of characteristic mode-based basis function method for connected array structures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 70, No. 8, 7322-7327, Aug. 2022.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2022.3145471

14. Wu, C., L. Guan, P. Gu, et al. "Application of parallel CM-MLFMA method to the analysis of array structures," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 69, No. 9, 6116-6121, Sep. 2021.
doi:10.1109/TAP.2021.3069427

15. Jia, C., Z. He, M. Li, et al. "Characteristic mode-based efficient broadband electromagnetic scattering analysis method for array structures," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., Vol. 19, 1-5, Oct. 2022.

16. Wang, Z. G., P. Wang, Y. F. Sun, et al. "Fast analysis of bistatic scattering problems for three-dimensional objects using compressive sensing and characteristic modes," IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., Vol. 21, No. 9, 1817-1821, Sep. 2022.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2022.3181602

17. He, R., B. G. Hu, W. S. Zheng, et al. "Robust principal component analysis based on maximum correntropy criterion," IEEE Trans. Image Process., Vol. 20, No. 6, 1485-1494, Jun. 2011.
doi:10.1109/TIP.2010.2103949

18. Gu, T., "Detection of small floating targets on the sea surface based on multi-features and principal component analysis," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., Vol. 17, No. 5, 809-813, May 2020.
doi:10.1109/LGRS.2019.2935262

19. Hao, T., L. Jing, and W. He, "An automated GPR signal denoising scheme based on mode decomposition and principal component analysis," IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., Vol. 20, 1-5, Dec. 2022.

Dr. Zhong-Gen Wang

Mr. Fei Guo

Dr. Wen-Yan Nie

Dr. Yufa Sun

Dr. Pan Wang