Vol. 69
Latest Volume
All Volumes
PIERC 142 [2024] PIERC 141 [2024] PIERC 140 [2024] PIERC 139 [2024] PIERC 138 [2023] PIERC 137 [2023] PIERC 136 [2023] PIERC 135 [2023] PIERC 134 [2023] PIERC 133 [2023] PIERC 132 [2023] PIERC 131 [2023] PIERC 130 [2023] PIERC 129 [2023] PIERC 128 [2023] PIERC 127 [2022] PIERC 126 [2022] PIERC 125 [2022] PIERC 124 [2022] PIERC 123 [2022] PIERC 122 [2022] PIERC 121 [2022] PIERC 120 [2022] PIERC 119 [2022] PIERC 118 [2022] PIERC 117 [2021] PIERC 116 [2021] PIERC 115 [2021] PIERC 114 [2021] PIERC 113 [2021] PIERC 112 [2021] PIERC 111 [2021] PIERC 110 [2021] PIERC 109 [2021] PIERC 108 [2021] PIERC 107 [2021] PIERC 106 [2020] PIERC 105 [2020] PIERC 104 [2020] PIERC 103 [2020] PIERC 102 [2020] PIERC 101 [2020] PIERC 100 [2020] PIERC 99 [2020] PIERC 98 [2020] PIERC 97 [2019] PIERC 96 [2019] PIERC 95 [2019] PIERC 94 [2019] PIERC 93 [2019] PIERC 92 [2019] PIERC 91 [2019] PIERC 90 [2019] PIERC 89 [2019] PIERC 88 [2018] PIERC 87 [2018] PIERC 86 [2018] PIERC 85 [2018] PIERC 84 [2018] PIERC 83 [2018] PIERC 82 [2018] PIERC 81 [2018] PIERC 80 [2018] PIERC 79 [2017] PIERC 78 [2017] PIERC 77 [2017] PIERC 76 [2017] PIERC 75 [2017] PIERC 74 [2017] PIERC 73 [2017] PIERC 72 [2017] PIERC 71 [2017] PIERC 70 [2016] PIERC 69 [2016] PIERC 68 [2016] PIERC 67 [2016] PIERC 66 [2016] PIERC 65 [2016] PIERC 64 [2016] PIERC 63 [2016] PIERC 62 [2016] PIERC 61 [2016] PIERC 60 [2015] PIERC 59 [2015] PIERC 58 [2015] PIERC 57 [2015] PIERC 56 [2015] PIERC 55 [2014] PIERC 54 [2014] PIERC 53 [2014] PIERC 52 [2014] PIERC 51 [2014] PIERC 50 [2014] PIERC 49 [2014] PIERC 48 [2014] PIERC 47 [2014] PIERC 46 [2014] PIERC 45 [2013] PIERC 44 [2013] PIERC 43 [2013] PIERC 42 [2013] PIERC 41 [2013] PIERC 40 [2013] PIERC 39 [2013] PIERC 38 [2013] PIERC 37 [2013] PIERC 36 [2013] PIERC 35 [2013] PIERC 34 [2013] PIERC 33 [2012] PIERC 32 [2012] PIERC 31 [2012] PIERC 30 [2012] PIERC 29 [2012] PIERC 28 [2012] PIERC 27 [2012] PIERC 26 [2012] PIERC 25 [2012] PIERC 24 [2011] PIERC 23 [2011] PIERC 22 [2011] PIERC 21 [2011] PIERC 20 [2011] PIERC 19 [2011] PIERC 18 [2011] PIERC 17 [2010] PIERC 16 [2010] PIERC 15 [2010] PIERC 14 [2010] PIERC 13 [2010] PIERC 12 [2010] PIERC 11 [2009] PIERC 10 [2009] PIERC 9 [2009] PIERC 8 [2009] PIERC 7 [2009] PIERC 6 [2009] PIERC 5 [2008] PIERC 4 [2008] PIERC 3 [2008] PIERC 2 [2008] PIERC 1 [2008]
2016-11-12
Enhanced Five-Port Ring Circuit Reflectometer for Synthetic Breast Tissue Dielectric Determination
By
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 69, 83-95, 2016
Abstract
In this study, a Six-port Reflectometer (SPR) with dielectric probe sensor is used to predict relative dielectric, εrof normal and tumorous breast tissue in frequency range from 2.34\,GHz to 3.0 GHz. Other than that, a superstrate with an exterior copper layer is overlaid on the surface of a primitive Five-port Ring Circuit (FPRC), which is also a denominated, enhanced superstrate FPRC. It is the main component of the SPR and is presented in this paper as well. The enhanced superstrate FPRC is capable of improving its operating bandwidth by 26{\%} and shifting the operating centre frequency to a lower value without increasing circuit physical size. The detailed design and characteristics of the FPRC are described here. In addition, the enhanced superstrate FPRC is integrated into the SPR for one-port reflection coefficient measurement. The measurement using the SPR is benchmarked with Agilent's E5071C Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) for one-port reflection coefficient. Maximum absolute mean error of the linear magnitude and phase measurements are recorded to be 0.03 and 5.50°, respectively. In addition, maximum absolute error of the predicted dielectric and loss factor are 1.77 and 0.61, respectively.
Citation
Chia Yew Lee, You Kok Yeow, Tian Swee Tan, Yi Lung Then, Yeng Seng Lee, Liyana Zahid, Wai Leong Lim, and Chia Hau Lee, "Enhanced Five-Port Ring Circuit Reflectometer for Synthetic Breast Tissue Dielectric Determination," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 69, 83-95, 2016.
doi:10.2528/PIERC16081302
References

1. Torre, L. A., F. Bray, R. L. Siegel, J. Ferlay, T. J. Lortet, and A. Jemal, "Global cancer statistics 2012," A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 87-108, 2012.

2. Jemal, A., F. Bray, M. M. Center, J. Ferlay, E. Ward, and D. Forman, "Global cancer statistics 2011," A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 69-90, 2011.
doi:10.3322/caac.20107

3. Speirs, V. and A. Shaaban, "The rising incidence of male breast cancer," Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 429-430, 2009.
doi:10.1007/s10549-008-0053-y

4. Jotwani, A. and J. Gralow, "Early detection of breast cancer," Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy, 349-357, 2009.
doi:10.1007/BF03256340

5. Romeo, S., L. Di Donato, O. M. Bucci, I. Catapano, L. Crocco, M. R. Scarfı, and R. Massa, "Dielectric characterization study of liquid-based materials for mimicking breast tissues," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 1276-1280, 2011.
doi:10.1002/mop.26001

6. Riblet, G. P. and E. R. B. Hansson, "The use of a matched symmetrical five-port junction to make six-port measurements," Microwave Symposium Digest, 151-153, 1981.
doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1981.1129852

7. Lee, K. Y., A. Zulkifly, J. A. Mohamad, K. Y. You, and E. M. Cheng, "Determination of moisture content in oil palm fruits using a five-port reflectometer," Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 4, 4073-4085, 2011.

8. Duenas-Jimenez, A. and C. A. Bonilla-Barragan, "On the calibration of a microwave network sixport reflection analyzer," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 56, No. 5, 1763-1769, 2007.
doi:10.1109/TIM.2007.903618

9. Lee, K. Y., B. K. Chung, K. Y. You, E. M. Cheng, and A. Zulkifly, "Development of a symmetric ring junction as a four-port reflectometer for complex reflection coefficient measurements," Radioengineering, Vol. 24, No. 4, 906-911, 2015.
doi:10.13164/re.2015.0906

10. Yao, J. J. and S. P. Yeo, "Six-port reflectometer based on modified hybrid couplers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 56, No. 2, 493-498, 2008.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2007.914626

11. Staszek, K., J. Sorocki, P. Kaminski, K. Wincza, and S. Gruszczynski, "A broadband 3 dB tandem coupler utilizing right/left handed transmission line sections," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 24, No. 4, 236-238, 2014.
doi:10.1109/LMWC.2014.2299546

12. Julrat, S., M. Chongcheawchamnan, T. Khaoraphapong, and I. D. Robertson, "Analysis and design of a differential sampled-line six-port reflectometer," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 61, No. 1, 244-255, 2013.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2227788

13. Judah, S. K. and M. D. Judd, "Direct synthesis of the matched symmetric five-port junction from its scattering matrix," IEE Proceedings H — Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 133, No. 2, 95-98, 1986.
doi:10.1049/ip-h-2.1986.0015

14. De-Ronde, F. C., "Octave-wide matched symmetrical, reciprocal, 4- and 5 ports," Microwave Symposium Digest, 521-523, 1982.
doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1982.1130778

15. Yeo, S. P., T. S. Yeo, and K. M. Ng, "First-order eigenmode analysis of symmetrical five-port microstrip ring coupler," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 2, No. 3, 91-94, 1989.
doi:10.1002/mop.4650020305

16. Duenas-Jimenez, A., A. Serrano-Santoyo, and F. J. Mendieta, "On the synthesis of some ring junctions for six-port measurement applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 5, No. 11, 559-563, 1992.
doi:10.1002/mop.4650051106

17. Kim, D. I., K. Araki, and Y. Naito, "Properties of the symmetrical circuit and its broad-band five-port design," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 32, No. 1, 51-57, 1984.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.1984.1132611

18. Yeo, S. P. and F. C. Choong, "Matched symmetrical five-port microstrip coupler," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 49, No. 8, 1498-1500, 2001.
doi:10.1109/22.939932

19. Pozar, D. M., Microwave Engineering, 4th Ed., Wiley, 2004.

20. Potter, C. and A. Bullock, "Nonlinearity correction of microwave diode detectors using a repeatable attenuation step," Microwave Journal, Vol. 36, 272, 274, 277-279, 1993.

21. Engen, G. F., "Calibrating the six-port reflectometer by means of sliding terminations," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 26, No. 12, 951-957, 1978.
doi:10.1109/TMTT.1978.1129527

22. Wiedmann, F., B. Huyart, E. Bergeault, and L. Jallet, "A new robust method for six-port reflectometer calibration," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 48, No. 5, 927-931, 1999.
doi:10.1109/19.799649

23. Stumper, U., "Finding initial estimates needed for the engen method of calibrating single six-port reflectometers," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 38, No. 7, 946-949, 1990.
doi:10.1109/22.55790

24. Neumeyer, B., "A new analytical method for complete six-port reflectometer calibration," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 39, No. 2, 376-379, 1990.
doi:10.1109/19.52518

25. Potter, C. M. and G. Hjipieris, "A robust six- to four-port reduction algorithm," Microwave Symposium Digest, 1263-1266, 1993.

26. You, K. Y., RF Coaxial Slot Radiators: Modeling, Measurements and Applications, 1st Ed., Artech House, 2015.

27. Gregory, A. P. and R. N. Clarke, "Tables of the complex permittivity of dielectric reference liquids at frequencies up to 5GHz," NPL Rep. CETM, Vol. 33, 2001.