volume | PIER Journals

Abstract

A comprehensive energy model for wireless sensor networks is provided by considering seven key energy consumption sources some of which are ignored by currently available models. We demonstrate the importance of using such a comprehensive model by comparing it to other existing energy models in terms of the lifetime of a sensor node. We use our model to evaluate energy consumption and node lifetime for a sensor network with fixed configuration and we validate this evaluation by simulation. We show that existing energy models over-estimate life expectancy of a sensor node by 30-58% and also results in ``optimised" number of clusters which is too large. We further make the following two observations: 1) the optimal number of clusters increases with the increase of free space fading energy, 2) for sensor networks with 100 sensors over area of 10⁴-10⁵ [m²], finding the optimal number of clusters becomes less important when free space fading energy is very low (less than 1670 pJ/bit/m²), while for larger networks, on the other hand, cluster optimization is still important even if free space fading energy is low. Guidelines for efficient and reliable sensor network design as well as extension to a sensor network with rotating cluster heads are provided.

1. Moustafa, K. and K. F. A. Hussein, "Performance evaluation of separated aperture sensor GPR system for land mine detection," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 72, 21-37, 2007.
doi:10.2528/PIER07022607

2. Chan, Y. K. K., B.-K. Chung, and H.-T. Chuah, "Transmitter and receiver design of an experimental airborne synthetic aperture radar sensor," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 49, 203-218, 2004.
doi:10.2528/PIER04031601

3. Callaway, E. H., Wireless Sensor Networks, Architectures and Protocols, Auerbach Publications, 2004.

4. De Swiet, T. M., "An R.F. sensor for logging-while-drilling geophysical measurements," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 17, 1-24, 1997.
doi:10.2528/PIER97012900

5. Chen, F., Simulation of wireless sensor nodes using S-MAC, Master’s thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen-Neuremberg, September 2005. http://dcg.ethz.ch/theses/ss05/mics-embedding-report.pdf.

6. Boulis, A., S. Ganeriwal, and M. B. Srivastava, "Aggregation in sensor networks: An energy-accuracy trade-off," Proc. Int. Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, 128-138, 2003.
doi:10.1109/SNPA.2003.1203363

7. Cayirci, E., "Data aggregation and dilution by modulus addressing in wireless sensor networks," IEEE Commun. Lett., Vol. 7, No. 8, 355-357, August 2003.
doi:10.1109/LCOMM.2003.815663

8. Sankarasubramaniam, Y., I. F. Akyildiz, and S. W. McLaughlin, "Energy efficiency based packet size optimization in wireless sensor networks," Proc. IEEE Int. Sensor Network Protocols and Applications Conf., Vol. 1, No. 8, 2003.

9. Zou, Y. and K. Chakrabarty, "Target localization based on energy considerations in distributed sensor networks," Proc. IEEE Int. Sensor Network Protocols and Applications Conf., Vol. 51, No. 58, May 2003.

10. Goldsmith, A. J. and S. B. Wicker, "Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks," IEEE Wireless Commun., Vol. 9, No. 4, 8-27, August 2002.
doi:10.1109/MWC.2002.1028874

11. Heinzelman, W. R., A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks," IEEE Tran.on Wireless Comm., Vol. 1, No. 4, 660-670, October 2002.
doi:10.1109/TWC.2002.804190

12. Intanagonwiwat, C., R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, Tech. Rep. 00-732, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 2000.

13. Ye, W., J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, "An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM Conf., Vol. 3, 1567-1576, June 2002.

14. Lim, Y., H. Seo, and B. G. Lee, "Lifetime maximization under data convergence latency constraint in wireless sensor networks," Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM Conf., Vol. 5, 3187-3192, November-December 2004.

15. Zhu, J. and S. Papavassiliou, "On the energy-efficient organization and the lifetime of multi-hop sensor networks," IEEE Commun. Lett., Vol. 7, No. 11, 537-539, November 2003.
doi:10.1109/LCOMM.2003.820097

16. Schurgers, C., V. Tsiatsis, S. Ganeriwa, and M. Srivastava, "Optimizing sensor networks in the energy-latency-density design space," IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, Vol. 1, No. 1, 70-80, March 2002.
doi:10.1109/TMC.2002.1011060

17. Min, R. and A. Chandrakasan, "Energy-efficient communication for ad-hoc wireless sensor networks," Proc. 35th Signals, Systems and Computers Asilomar Conf., Vol. 1, 139-143, November 2001.

18. Shah, R. C. and J. M. Rabaey, "Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks," Proc. IEEE WCNC Conf., Vol. 1, 350-355, March 2002.

19. Ghosh, S. and A. Chakrabarty, "Performance analysis of emi sensor in different test sites with different wave impedances," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 62, 127-142, 2006.
doi:10.2528/PIER06030101

20. Halgamuge, M. N., R. Kotagiri, and M. Zukerman, "High powered cluster heads for extending sensor network lifetime," Proc. IEEE ISSPIT Conf., 64-69, Vancouver, Canada, August 2006.

21. Zhang, H. and J. C. Hou, "On the upper bound of & alpha-lifetime for large sensor networks," ACM Trans. on Sensor Networks, Vol. 1, No. 2, 272-300, 2005.
doi:10.1145/1105688.1105693

22. Mille, M. J. and N. H. Vaidya, "A mac protocol to reduce sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup radio," IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, Vol. 4, No. 3, 228-242, May 2005.
doi:10.1109/TMC.2005.31

23. Soro, S. and W. B. Heinzelman, "Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering," Proc. IEEE Int. Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Conf., 236b, April 2005.
doi:10.1109/IPDPS.2005.365

24. Dong, Q., "Maximizing system lifetime in wireless sensor networks," Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Info. Processing in Sensor Networks Conf., 13-19, April 2005.

25. Heinzelman, W. R., A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks," Proc. 33rd Annu. Int. Hawaii System Sciences Conf., Vol. 2, 1-10, January 2000.

26. Skafidas, S., K. Saleem, M. Halpern, W. Qiu, and H. Ga, Wireless sensor networks, Lecture Notes, University of Melbourne, Australia, 2005.

27. Wang, A. and A. Chandrakasan, "Energy-efficient DSPs for wireless sensor networks," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., Vol. 19, No. 4, 68-78, July 2002.
doi:10.1109/MSP.2002.1012351

28. Rappaport, T. S., Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996.

29. Smaragdakis, G., I. Matta, and A. Bestavros, "SEP: A stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks," Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Sensor and Actuator Network Protocols and Applications, SANPA ’04, Boston, August 2004.

30. Heinzelman, W. R., A. Sinha, A. Wang, and A. P. Chandrakasan, "Energy-scalable algorithms and protocols for wireless microsensor networks," Proc. IEEE Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing Conf., Vol. 6, 3722-3725, June 2000.

31. Chipcon "CC1000 datasheet,", August 2005. http://www.chipcon. com/filies/CC1000-Data-Sheet-2-1.pdf.

32. "MICA2 mote datasheet,", 2004. http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product-pdf-files/Wireless-pdf/MICA2-Datasheet.pdf.

33. Shnayder, V., M. Hempstead, B. Chen, G. W. Allen, and M. Welsh, "Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications," Proc. 2nd Int. Embedded Networked Sensor Systems Conf. SenSys ’04, 188-200, NY, USA, 2004.
doi:10.1145/1031495.1031518

34. Rahimi, M., H. Shah, G. S. Sukhatme, J. Heideman, and D. Estrin, "Studying the feasibility of energy harvesting in a mobile sensor network," Proc. IEEE Int. Robotics and Automation Conf. ICRA ’04, Vol. 1, 19-24, September 2003.

35. Raghunathan, V., C. Schurgers, S. Park, and M. B. Srivastava, "Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., Vol. 19, No. 2, 40-50, March 2002.
doi:10.1109/79.985679

36. Ye, W. and J. Heidemann, Medium access control in wireless sensor networks, USC/ISI TECHNICAL REPORT, Tech. Rep. ISI-TR-580, October 2003.

Dr. Malka N. Halgamuge

Dr. Moshe Zukerman

Prof. Kotagiri Ramamohanarao

Dr. Hai L. Vu